Asymptomatic and submicroscopic malaria infections in sugar cane and rice development areas of Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Water resource development projects such as dams and irrigation schemes have a positive impact on food security and poverty reduction but might result in increased prevalence of malaria. METHODS: Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in the dry and wet seasons in irrigated and non-irrigated clusters of Arjo sugarcane and Gambella rice development areas of Ethiopia in 2019. A total of 4464 and 2176 blood samples were collected from Arjo and Gambella. A subset of 2244 microscopy negative blood samples were analyzed by PCR. RESULTS: Prevalence by microscopy was 2.0% (88/4464) in Arjo and 6.1% (133/2176) in Gambella. In Gambella, prevalence was significantly higher in irrigated clusters (10.4% vs 3.6%) than in non-irrigated clusters (p < 0.001), but no difference was found in Arjo (2.0% vs 2.0%; p = 0.993). Level of education was an individual risk factors associated with infection in Arjo [AOR: 3.2; 95%CI (1.27–8.16)] and in Gambella [AOR: 1.7; 95%CI (1.06–2.82)]. While duration of stay in the area for < 6 months [AOR: 4.7; 95%CI (1.84–12.15)] and being a migrant worker [AOR: 4.7; 95%CI (3.01–7.17)] were risk factors in Gambella. Season [AOR: 15.9; 95%CI (6.01–42.04)], no ITN utilization [AOR: 22.3; 95%CI (7.74–64.34)] were risk factors in Arjo, and irrigation [AOR: 2.4; 95%CI (1.45–4.07)] and family size [AOR: 2.3; 95%CI (1.30–4.09)] risk factors in Gambella. Of the 1713 and 531 randomly selected smear negative samples from Arjo and Gambella and analyzed by PCR the presence of Plasmodium infection was 1.2% and 12.8%, respectively. P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. ovale were identified by PCR in both sites. CONCLUSION: Strengthening malaria surveillance and control in project development areas and proper health education for at-risk groups residing or working in such development corridors is needed.