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Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS)

Although the use of phthalates has been restricted worldwide, they remain an issue due to health concerns. Diet is one of the most important exposure pathways for humans and due to their solubility in oil, phthalates are commonly found in edible oil and food high in fat. Gas chromatography–mass spec...

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Autores principales: Xiao, Yongjun, Wong, Wen Yee, Chan, Li Yan, Yong, Chee Keat, Abe, Kosuke, Hancock, Peter, Hird, Simon
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10056964/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36976965
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030200
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author Xiao, Yongjun
Wong, Wen Yee
Chan, Li Yan
Yong, Chee Keat
Abe, Kosuke
Hancock, Peter
Hird, Simon
author_facet Xiao, Yongjun
Wong, Wen Yee
Chan, Li Yan
Yong, Chee Keat
Abe, Kosuke
Hancock, Peter
Hird, Simon
author_sort Xiao, Yongjun
collection PubMed
description Although the use of phthalates has been restricted worldwide, they remain an issue due to health concerns. Diet is one of the most important exposure pathways for humans and due to their solubility in oil, phthalates are commonly found in edible oil and food high in fat. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using electron ionization (EI) has been commonly used for the analysis of the phthalates in foodstuffs, including edible oil. However, this method suffers from issues with sensitivity and selectivity, as most phthalates are fragmented to generate a common phthalic anhydride fragment ion at m/z 149. The molecular ion cannot be observed due to strong fragmentation in EI. In contrast, atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) is a soft ionization technique with less fragmentation, whereby the molecular ion can be used as the precursor ion for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). In this study, a simple and quick method for the determination of phthalates in vegetable oil using APGC-MS/MS was developed, and performance was assessed. The method was based on dilution of the oil in solvent and direct injection without the need for further cleanup. The established method was evaluated for linearity, recovery, precision, method detection limit (MDL), and method quantitation limit (MQL). The obtained MQL in vegetable oil was in the range of 0.015–0.058 mg/kg, despite limiting the injection volume to 1 µL, which is suitable for investigating dietary exposure and future proof against decreases to the regulatory limit. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to analyze nine phthalates in eight commercially available vegetable oil.
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spelling pubmed-100569642023-03-30 Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS) Xiao, Yongjun Wong, Wen Yee Chan, Li Yan Yong, Chee Keat Abe, Kosuke Hancock, Peter Hird, Simon Toxics Article Although the use of phthalates has been restricted worldwide, they remain an issue due to health concerns. Diet is one of the most important exposure pathways for humans and due to their solubility in oil, phthalates are commonly found in edible oil and food high in fat. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using electron ionization (EI) has been commonly used for the analysis of the phthalates in foodstuffs, including edible oil. However, this method suffers from issues with sensitivity and selectivity, as most phthalates are fragmented to generate a common phthalic anhydride fragment ion at m/z 149. The molecular ion cannot be observed due to strong fragmentation in EI. In contrast, atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) is a soft ionization technique with less fragmentation, whereby the molecular ion can be used as the precursor ion for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). In this study, a simple and quick method for the determination of phthalates in vegetable oil using APGC-MS/MS was developed, and performance was assessed. The method was based on dilution of the oil in solvent and direct injection without the need for further cleanup. The established method was evaluated for linearity, recovery, precision, method detection limit (MDL), and method quantitation limit (MQL). The obtained MQL in vegetable oil was in the range of 0.015–0.058 mg/kg, despite limiting the injection volume to 1 µL, which is suitable for investigating dietary exposure and future proof against decreases to the regulatory limit. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to analyze nine phthalates in eight commercially available vegetable oil. MDPI 2023-02-21 /pmc/articles/PMC10056964/ /pubmed/36976965 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030200 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Xiao, Yongjun
Wong, Wen Yee
Chan, Li Yan
Yong, Chee Keat
Abe, Kosuke
Hancock, Peter
Hird, Simon
Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS)
title Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS)
title_full Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS)
title_fullStr Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS)
title_full_unstemmed Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS)
title_short Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS)
title_sort simultaneous determination of nine phthalates in vegetable oil by atmospheric pressure gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (apgc-ms/ms)
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10056964/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36976965
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030200
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