A Review on Nano Ti-Based Oxides for Dark and Photocatalysis: From Photoinduced Processes to Bioimplant Applications

Catalysis on TiO(2) nanomaterials in the presence of H(2)O and oxygen plays a crucial role in the advancement of many different fields, such as clean energy technologies, catalysis, disinfection, and bioimplants. Photocatalysis on TiO(2) nanomaterials is well-established and has advanced in the last decades in terms of the understanding of its underlying principles and improvement of its efficiency. Meanwhile, the increasing complexity of modern scientific challenges in disinfection and bioimplants requires a profound mechanistic understanding of both residual and dark catalysis. Here, an overview of the progress made in TiO(2) catalysis is given both in the presence and absence of light. It begins with the mechanisms involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) in TiO(2) photocatalysis. This is followed by improvements in their photocatalytic efficiency due to their nanomorphology and states by enhancing charge separation and increasing light harvesting. A subsection on black TiO(2) nanomaterials and their interesting properties and physics is also included. Progress in residual catalysis and dark catalysis on TiO(2) are then presented. Safety, microbicidal effect, and studies on Ti-oxides for bioimplants are also presented. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives in light of disinfection and bioimplant application are given.