Cargando…
Immunization Gender Inequity in Pakistan: An Analysis of 6.2 Million Children Born from 2019 to 2022 and Enrolled in the Sindh Electronic Immunization Registry
Gender-based inequities in immunization impede the universal coverage of childhood vaccines. Leveraging data from the Government of Sindh’s Electronic Immunization Registry (SEIR), we estimated inequalities in immunization for males and females from the 2019–2022 birth cohorts in Pakistan. We comput...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10059986/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36992269 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030685 |
_version_ | 1785017007276556288 |
---|---|
author | Siddiqi, Danya Arif Iftikhar, Sundus Siddique, Muhammad Mehmood, Mariam Dharma, Vijay Kumar Shah, Mubarak Taighoon Setayesh, Hamidreza Chandir, Subhash |
author_facet | Siddiqi, Danya Arif Iftikhar, Sundus Siddique, Muhammad Mehmood, Mariam Dharma, Vijay Kumar Shah, Mubarak Taighoon Setayesh, Hamidreza Chandir, Subhash |
author_sort | Siddiqi, Danya Arif |
collection | PubMed |
description | Gender-based inequities in immunization impede the universal coverage of childhood vaccines. Leveraging data from the Government of Sindh’s Electronic Immunization Registry (SEIR), we estimated inequalities in immunization for males and females from the 2019–2022 birth cohorts in Pakistan. We computed male-to-female (M:F) and gender inequality ratios (GIR) Tfor enrollment, vaccine coverage, and timeliness. We also explored the inequities by maternal literacy, geographic location, mode of vaccination delivery, and gender of vaccinators. Between 1 January 2019, and 31 December 2022, 6,235,305 children were enrolled in the SEIR, 52.2% males and 47.8% females. We observed a median M:F ratio of 1.03 at enrollment and at Penta-1, Penta-3, and Measles-1 vaccinations, indicating more males were enrolled in the immunization system than females. Once enrolled, a median GIR of 1.00 indicated similar coverage for females and males over time; however, females experienced a delay in their vaccination timeliness. Low maternal education; residing in remote-rural, rural, and slum regions; and receiving vaccines at fixed sites, as compared to outreach, were associated with fewer females being vaccinated, as compared to males. Our findings suggeste the need to tailor and implement gender-sensitive policies and strategies for improving equity in immunization, especially in vulnerable geographies with persistently high inequalities. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10059986 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-100599862023-03-30 Immunization Gender Inequity in Pakistan: An Analysis of 6.2 Million Children Born from 2019 to 2022 and Enrolled in the Sindh Electronic Immunization Registry Siddiqi, Danya Arif Iftikhar, Sundus Siddique, Muhammad Mehmood, Mariam Dharma, Vijay Kumar Shah, Mubarak Taighoon Setayesh, Hamidreza Chandir, Subhash Vaccines (Basel) Article Gender-based inequities in immunization impede the universal coverage of childhood vaccines. Leveraging data from the Government of Sindh’s Electronic Immunization Registry (SEIR), we estimated inequalities in immunization for males and females from the 2019–2022 birth cohorts in Pakistan. We computed male-to-female (M:F) and gender inequality ratios (GIR) Tfor enrollment, vaccine coverage, and timeliness. We also explored the inequities by maternal literacy, geographic location, mode of vaccination delivery, and gender of vaccinators. Between 1 January 2019, and 31 December 2022, 6,235,305 children were enrolled in the SEIR, 52.2% males and 47.8% females. We observed a median M:F ratio of 1.03 at enrollment and at Penta-1, Penta-3, and Measles-1 vaccinations, indicating more males were enrolled in the immunization system than females. Once enrolled, a median GIR of 1.00 indicated similar coverage for females and males over time; however, females experienced a delay in their vaccination timeliness. Low maternal education; residing in remote-rural, rural, and slum regions; and receiving vaccines at fixed sites, as compared to outreach, were associated with fewer females being vaccinated, as compared to males. Our findings suggeste the need to tailor and implement gender-sensitive policies and strategies for improving equity in immunization, especially in vulnerable geographies with persistently high inequalities. MDPI 2023-03-17 /pmc/articles/PMC10059986/ /pubmed/36992269 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030685 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Siddiqi, Danya Arif Iftikhar, Sundus Siddique, Muhammad Mehmood, Mariam Dharma, Vijay Kumar Shah, Mubarak Taighoon Setayesh, Hamidreza Chandir, Subhash Immunization Gender Inequity in Pakistan: An Analysis of 6.2 Million Children Born from 2019 to 2022 and Enrolled in the Sindh Electronic Immunization Registry |
title | Immunization Gender Inequity in Pakistan: An Analysis of 6.2 Million Children Born from 2019 to 2022 and Enrolled in the Sindh Electronic Immunization Registry |
title_full | Immunization Gender Inequity in Pakistan: An Analysis of 6.2 Million Children Born from 2019 to 2022 and Enrolled in the Sindh Electronic Immunization Registry |
title_fullStr | Immunization Gender Inequity in Pakistan: An Analysis of 6.2 Million Children Born from 2019 to 2022 and Enrolled in the Sindh Electronic Immunization Registry |
title_full_unstemmed | Immunization Gender Inequity in Pakistan: An Analysis of 6.2 Million Children Born from 2019 to 2022 and Enrolled in the Sindh Electronic Immunization Registry |
title_short | Immunization Gender Inequity in Pakistan: An Analysis of 6.2 Million Children Born from 2019 to 2022 and Enrolled in the Sindh Electronic Immunization Registry |
title_sort | immunization gender inequity in pakistan: an analysis of 6.2 million children born from 2019 to 2022 and enrolled in the sindh electronic immunization registry |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10059986/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36992269 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030685 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT siddiqidanyaarif immunizationgenderinequityinpakistanananalysisof62millionchildrenbornfrom2019to2022andenrolledinthesindhelectronicimmunizationregistry AT iftikharsundus immunizationgenderinequityinpakistanananalysisof62millionchildrenbornfrom2019to2022andenrolledinthesindhelectronicimmunizationregistry AT siddiquemuhammad immunizationgenderinequityinpakistanananalysisof62millionchildrenbornfrom2019to2022andenrolledinthesindhelectronicimmunizationregistry AT mehmoodmariam immunizationgenderinequityinpakistanananalysisof62millionchildrenbornfrom2019to2022andenrolledinthesindhelectronicimmunizationregistry AT dharmavijaykumar immunizationgenderinequityinpakistanananalysisof62millionchildrenbornfrom2019to2022andenrolledinthesindhelectronicimmunizationregistry AT shahmubaraktaighoon immunizationgenderinequityinpakistanananalysisof62millionchildrenbornfrom2019to2022andenrolledinthesindhelectronicimmunizationregistry AT setayeshhamidreza immunizationgenderinequityinpakistanananalysisof62millionchildrenbornfrom2019to2022andenrolledinthesindhelectronicimmunizationregistry AT chandirsubhash immunizationgenderinequityinpakistanananalysisof62millionchildrenbornfrom2019to2022andenrolledinthesindhelectronicimmunizationregistry |