Case report: Long-term voluntary Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) discontinuation in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): Molecular evidence of an immune surveillance

The classical natural history of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has been drastically modified by the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapies. TKI discontinuation is currently possible in patients in deep molecular responses, using strict recommendations of molecular follow-up due to risk of molecular relapse, especially during the first 6 months. We report here the case of a patient who voluntarily interrupted her TKI therapy. She remained in deep molecular remission (MR4) for 18 months followed by detection of a molecular relapse at +20 months. Despite this relapse, she declined therapy until the occurrence of the hematological relapse (+ 4 years and 10 months). Retrospective sequential transcriptome experiments and a single-cell transcriptome RNA-seq analysis were performed. They revealed a molecular network focusing on several genes involved in both activation and inhibition of NK-T cell activity. Interestingly, the single-cell transcriptome analysis showed the presence of cells expressing NKG7, a gene involved in granule exocytosis and highly involved in anti-tumor immunity. Single cells expressing as granzyme H, cathepsin-W, and granulysin were also identified. The study of this case suggests that CML was controlled for a long period of time, potentially via an immune surveillance phenomenon. The role of NKG7 expression in the occurrence of treatment-free remissions (TFR) should be evaluated in future studies.