Initiation of ventricular arrhythmia in the acquired long QT syndrome

AIMS: Long QT syndrome (LQTS) carries a risk of life-threatening polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (Torsades de Pointes, TdP) and is a major cause of premature sudden cardiac death. TdP is induced by R-on-T premature ventricular complexes (PVCs), thought to be generated by cellular early-afterdepolarisations (EADs). However, EADs in tissue require cellular synchronisation, and their role in TdP induction remains unclear. We aimed to determine the mechanism of TdP induction in rabbit hearts with acquired LQTS (aLQTS). METHODS AND RESULTS: Optical mapping of action potentials (APs) and intracellular Ca(2+) was performed in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts (n = 17). TdP induced by R-on-T PVCs was observed during aLQTS (50% K(+)/Mg(++) & E4031) conditions in all hearts (P < 0.0001 vs. control). Islands of AP prolongation bounded by steep voltage gradients (VGs) were consistently observed before arrhythmia and peak VGs were more closely related to the PVC upstroke than EADs, both temporally (7 ± 5 ms vs. 44 ± 27 ms, P < 0.0001) and spatially (1.0 ± 0.7 vs. 3.6 ± 0.9 mm, P < 0.0001). PVCs were initiated at estimated voltages of ∼ −40 mV and had upstroke dF/dt(max) and V(m)-Ca(2+) dynamics compatible with I(CaL) activation. Computational simulations demonstrated that PVCs could arise directly from VGs, through electrotonic triggering of I(CaL). In experiments and the model, sub-maximal L-type Ca(2+) channel (LTCC) block (200 nM nifedipine and 90% gCaL, respectively) abolished both PVCs and TdP in the continued presence of aLQTS. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that I(CaL) activation at sites displaying steep VGs generates the PVCs which induce TdP, providing a mechanism and rationale for LTCC blockers as a novel therapeutic approach in LQTS.