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Evolution of energy and nutrient supply in Zambia (1961–2013) in the context of policy, political, social, economic, and climatic changes

An adequate supply of energy, micronutrients and macronutrients is essential to achieve food and nutrition security to prevent malnutrition. Socio-economic, political, and climatic events, however, can affect the supply of food and nutrients. We assessed country-level supply trends of food and nutri...

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Autores principales: Kapulu, Ndashe Philemon, Clark, Heather, Manda, Simon, Smith, Harriet Elizabeth, Orfila, Caroline, Macdiarmid, Jennie I.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer Netherlands 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10066153/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37016709
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-022-01329-1
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author Kapulu, Ndashe Philemon
Clark, Heather
Manda, Simon
Smith, Harriet Elizabeth
Orfila, Caroline
Macdiarmid, Jennie I.
author_facet Kapulu, Ndashe Philemon
Clark, Heather
Manda, Simon
Smith, Harriet Elizabeth
Orfila, Caroline
Macdiarmid, Jennie I.
author_sort Kapulu, Ndashe Philemon
collection PubMed
description An adequate supply of energy, micronutrients and macronutrients is essential to achieve food and nutrition security to prevent malnutrition. Socio-economic, political, and climatic events, however, can affect the supply of food and nutrients. We assessed country-level supply trends of food and nutrients and their sources within the context of policy changes and political, socio-economic and climatic events from 1961 to 2013 in Zambia. Due to the lack of national food consumption data, food supply data from the FAO food balance sheets, matched to food composition tables, were used to estimate the energy, macronutrient and micronutrient content of 264 food items available to Zambia. We calculated historical nutrient supplies based on demographic characteristics and population-level dietary requirements. Results showed that Zambia was nutrition insecure from 1961 to 2013 for key micronutrients vitamin A, folate, riboflavin, vitamin B12, calcium, zinc, iron, and energy-deficient from the late-1980s. The diet has not substantially changed over time, with maize being the dominant food source. However, refined energy-dense food has steadily increased in the diet coupled with a reduction in fibre. These nutrient supply and dietary pattern trends coincide with specific socio-economic, policy, political, and climatic events from the 1970s to the early-mid 2000s, such as population growth, maize subsidy and crop diversification policies, regime change and drought. This study shows how policy, political and climatic events have been central features shaping nutrient supplies and the consequences for nutrition security. The study provides a context to inform future food policies to improve food and nutrition security. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12571-022-01329-1.
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spelling pubmed-100661532023-04-02 Evolution of energy and nutrient supply in Zambia (1961–2013) in the context of policy, political, social, economic, and climatic changes Kapulu, Ndashe Philemon Clark, Heather Manda, Simon Smith, Harriet Elizabeth Orfila, Caroline Macdiarmid, Jennie I. Food Secur Original Paper An adequate supply of energy, micronutrients and macronutrients is essential to achieve food and nutrition security to prevent malnutrition. Socio-economic, political, and climatic events, however, can affect the supply of food and nutrients. We assessed country-level supply trends of food and nutrients and their sources within the context of policy changes and political, socio-economic and climatic events from 1961 to 2013 in Zambia. Due to the lack of national food consumption data, food supply data from the FAO food balance sheets, matched to food composition tables, were used to estimate the energy, macronutrient and micronutrient content of 264 food items available to Zambia. We calculated historical nutrient supplies based on demographic characteristics and population-level dietary requirements. Results showed that Zambia was nutrition insecure from 1961 to 2013 for key micronutrients vitamin A, folate, riboflavin, vitamin B12, calcium, zinc, iron, and energy-deficient from the late-1980s. The diet has not substantially changed over time, with maize being the dominant food source. However, refined energy-dense food has steadily increased in the diet coupled with a reduction in fibre. These nutrient supply and dietary pattern trends coincide with specific socio-economic, policy, political, and climatic events from the 1970s to the early-mid 2000s, such as population growth, maize subsidy and crop diversification policies, regime change and drought. This study shows how policy, political and climatic events have been central features shaping nutrient supplies and the consequences for nutrition security. The study provides a context to inform future food policies to improve food and nutrition security. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12571-022-01329-1. Springer Netherlands 2022-11-22 2023 /pmc/articles/PMC10066153/ /pubmed/37016709 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-022-01329-1 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Original Paper
Kapulu, Ndashe Philemon
Clark, Heather
Manda, Simon
Smith, Harriet Elizabeth
Orfila, Caroline
Macdiarmid, Jennie I.
Evolution of energy and nutrient supply in Zambia (1961–2013) in the context of policy, political, social, economic, and climatic changes
title Evolution of energy and nutrient supply in Zambia (1961–2013) in the context of policy, political, social, economic, and climatic changes
title_full Evolution of energy and nutrient supply in Zambia (1961–2013) in the context of policy, political, social, economic, and climatic changes
title_fullStr Evolution of energy and nutrient supply in Zambia (1961–2013) in the context of policy, political, social, economic, and climatic changes
title_full_unstemmed Evolution of energy and nutrient supply in Zambia (1961–2013) in the context of policy, political, social, economic, and climatic changes
title_short Evolution of energy and nutrient supply in Zambia (1961–2013) in the context of policy, political, social, economic, and climatic changes
title_sort evolution of energy and nutrient supply in zambia (1961–2013) in the context of policy, political, social, economic, and climatic changes
topic Original Paper
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10066153/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37016709
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-022-01329-1
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