Facies evaluation and sedimentary environments of the Yamama Formation in the Ratawi oil field, South Iraq

Microfacies and environmental analyses of the Yamama Formation were conducted in the Tithonian–Hautervian sequence in the Ratawi oil field of Basra city in southern Iraq. The study includes petrographic, facies, and depositional models for the study area. Seven main facies and several secondary facies have been deposited in multiple environments. Moreover, they are affected by many diagenesis processes. Those facies have noncore depths that can be monitored by matching them with their corresponding well logs to obtain their electrofacies. The facies are distinguished according to the grain or mud supported or on the appearance of the configuration facies through microscopy. After comparing them with the well logs, electrofacies are identified as the following main limestone facies (mudstone, mudstone–wackestone, wackestone, wackestone–packstone, packstone, packstone–grainstone, and grainstone facies). The formation environments in this field are divided into several environments depending on the facies and electrofacies characteristics of the formation, including a lagoon environment, open marine environment, shoal environment, and slope environment.