Demographics and Characteristics of Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF) Patients in a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia

Background: Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) has been defined as the gradual or rapid change in heart failure (HF) signs and symptoms resulting in a need for urgent therapy. Patients with ADHF usually have multiple comorbidities that contribute to the severity of exacerbation at admission, including diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. The prognosis for these individuals is generally poor, with a high risk of readmission and death after discharge. Unfortunately, there are limited studies in Saudi Arabia reporting the characteristics of such patients. We aim to study the demographics and characteristics of ADHF patients admitted to King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) and analyze gender discrepancies and in-hospital mortality. Methods: This retrospective record review was conducted at KAUH. The study included 425 patients diagnosed with ADHF. The New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, underlying etiology of HF, comorbidities, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), vital signs, comprehensive metabolic panel at admission, and in-hospital mortality were evaluated and analyzed. Results: The majority of the patients were males (52.5%), and the average age was 63 ± 13.75 years. The most prevalent etiology of HF was hypertensive heart disease (51.8%), followed by ischemic heart disease (42.8%). The most common comorbidity was diabetes mellitus (73.6%), and the most common medication administered was diuretics (95.5%). The mean LVEF was 37.9% ± 16.0. In-hospital mortality occurred in 10.4% of patients. The mean length of hospitalization was 16.7 ± 86.2 days. The mean blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (17.18 ± 11.16) and creatinine (243.34 ± 222.27) were higher in patients with in-hospital mortality. The mean difference was statistically significant (P = 0.003 and P = 0.014). A higher length of hospitalization was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (P = 0.036). Conclusion: We found more than half of our sample to be males and diabetes mellitus to be common among ADHF patients. Elevated BUN and creatinine levels at the time of presentation, as well as patients who had been in the hospital for a more extended period of time, were found to be associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality.