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Immunotherapies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Primary liver cancer is the second leading cause of tumor-related deaths in China, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounting for 80%–90% of these. Since there is a lack of symptoms in the early stages of HCC, a large proportion of patients were identified with unresectable HCC when diagnosed. D...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10070708/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37025485 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1138493 |
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author | Sun, Li-Yang Zhang, Kang-Jun Xie, Ya-Ming Liu, Jun-Wei Xiao, Zun-Qiang |
author_facet | Sun, Li-Yang Zhang, Kang-Jun Xie, Ya-Ming Liu, Jun-Wei Xiao, Zun-Qiang |
author_sort | Sun, Li-Yang |
collection | PubMed |
description | Primary liver cancer is the second leading cause of tumor-related deaths in China, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounting for 80%–90% of these. Since there is a lack of symptoms in the early stages of HCC, a large proportion of patients were identified with unresectable HCC when diagnosed. Due to the severe resistance to chemotherapy, patients with advanced HCC were traditionally treated with systematic therapy in the past decades, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sorafenib has remained the only treatment option for advanced HCC since 2008. Immunotherapies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have shown a strong anti-tumor effect and have been supported by several guidelines recently. ICIs, for example programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors such as atezolizumab, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors such as ipilimumab, the ICI-based combination with TKIs, and VEGF-neutralizing antibody or systematic or local anti-tumor therapies, are being further studied in clinical trials. However, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) including cutaneous toxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, and hepatotoxicity may lead to the termination of ICI treatment or even threaten patients’ lives. This review aims to summarize currently available immunotherapies and introduce the irAEs and their managements in order to provide references for clinical application and further research. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10070708 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-100707082023-04-05 Immunotherapies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma Sun, Li-Yang Zhang, Kang-Jun Xie, Ya-Ming Liu, Jun-Wei Xiao, Zun-Qiang Front Pharmacol Pharmacology Primary liver cancer is the second leading cause of tumor-related deaths in China, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounting for 80%–90% of these. Since there is a lack of symptoms in the early stages of HCC, a large proportion of patients were identified with unresectable HCC when diagnosed. Due to the severe resistance to chemotherapy, patients with advanced HCC were traditionally treated with systematic therapy in the past decades, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sorafenib has remained the only treatment option for advanced HCC since 2008. Immunotherapies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have shown a strong anti-tumor effect and have been supported by several guidelines recently. ICIs, for example programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors such as atezolizumab, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors such as ipilimumab, the ICI-based combination with TKIs, and VEGF-neutralizing antibody or systematic or local anti-tumor therapies, are being further studied in clinical trials. However, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) including cutaneous toxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, and hepatotoxicity may lead to the termination of ICI treatment or even threaten patients’ lives. This review aims to summarize currently available immunotherapies and introduce the irAEs and their managements in order to provide references for clinical application and further research. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-03-21 /pmc/articles/PMC10070708/ /pubmed/37025485 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1138493 Text en Copyright © 2023 Sun, Zhang, Xie, Liu and Xiao. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Pharmacology Sun, Li-Yang Zhang, Kang-Jun Xie, Ya-Ming Liu, Jun-Wei Xiao, Zun-Qiang Immunotherapies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma |
title | Immunotherapies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma |
title_full | Immunotherapies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma |
title_fullStr | Immunotherapies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma |
title_full_unstemmed | Immunotherapies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma |
title_short | Immunotherapies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma |
title_sort | immunotherapies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma |
topic | Pharmacology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10070708/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37025485 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1138493 |
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