Demographic Determinants of Residue Profiles of Fungicidal Compounds in Common Voles (Microtus arvalis) under Semi-Natural and Natural Conditions

[Image: see text] Environmental risks from plant protection products (PPPs) need to be assessed to ensure safe use. The risk assessments are generally carried out using the common vole as a focal species with conservative theoretical estimates of external exposure. These are then compared to dose-related toxicity endpoints established in toxicity studies, often with laboratory species. The aim of the present study was to determine the actual internal dosimetry of PPPs’ active ingredients (AIs) in a population of common voles to provide the basis for informed higher tier risk assessment. As a proof of concept, two fungicidal AIs (fludioxonil and cyprodinil) were investigated using a range of application methodologies. Individuals were treated using oral gavage application (AI dose: 100/200 mg/kg) and fed treated grass (AI sprayed at 2 kg/ha) under laboratory, semi-natural, and natural conditions. Our results show that demographic factors play a significant role in the individual residue profile and that age structure is a key aspect that determines the overall exposure risk of a population. These results are consistent from laboratory to field conditions. Future approaches could establish dose–residue relationships that are reflective of natural food intake rates in wild common vole populations in the risk assessment of PPPs.