The effect and underlying mechanisms of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on glucose homeostasis: A literature review

Titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) is used extensively as a white pigment in the food industry, personal care, and a variety of products of everyday use. Although TiO(2) has been categorized as a bioinert material, recent evidence has demonstrated different toxicity profiles of TiO(2) nanoparticles (NPs) and a potential health risk to humans. Studies indicated that titanium dioxide enters the systemic circulation and accumulates in the lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, heart, and central nervous system and may cause oxidative stress and tissue damage in these vital organs. Recently, some studies have raised concerns about the possible detrimental effects of TiO(2) NPs on glucose homeostasis. However, the findings should be interpreted with caution due to the methodological issues. This article aims to evaluate current evidence regarding the effects of TiO(2) NPs on glucose homeostasis, including possible underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the limitations of current studies are discussed, which may provide a comprehensive understanding and new perspectives for future studies in this field.