Theoretical Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Low-Valent Carbon Species: A ∼6 eV Range of Ionization Potentials among Carbenes, Ylides, and Carbodiphosphoranes

[Image: see text] High-quality density functional theory calculations underscore a nearly 6 eV range for the ionization potentials (IPs) of neutral, low-valent carbon compounds, including carbenes, ylides, and zero-valent carbon compounds (carbones) such as carbodiphosphoranes (CDPs) and carbodicarbenes. Thus, adiabatic IPs as low as 5.5 ± 0.1 eV are predicted for CDPs, which are about 0.7–1.2 eV lower than those of simple phosphorus and sulfur ylides. In contrast, the corresponding values for N-heterocyclic carbenes are about 8.0 eV while those for simple singlet carbenes such as dichlorocarbene and difluorocarbene range from about 9.0 eV to well over 11.0 eV.