Lessons in Implementation from a 5-Year SBIRT Effort Using a Mixed-Methods Approach

SBIRT is an effective process to target unhealthy alcohol and other substance use in medical settings, yet gaps persist on how best to integrate SBIRT into routine clinical practice. Utilizing a mixed-methods design, the current study examined a statewide SBIRT implementation effort to identify key components of successful implementation. Quantitative patient-level data (n = 61,121) were analyzed to assess characteristics associated with implementation, and key informant interviews were conducted with stakeholders to understand the implementation process. Findings demonstrated variation in intervention rates, and both site- and patient-level factors influenced SBIRT service delivery. Qualitative results highlighted critical factors shaping these differences, including staff perceptions, type of leadership, degree of flexibility, and the health reform context. Study findings illustrate the importance of a supportive outer context, key facilitators such as buy-in, dynamic leadership, and flexibility during implementation, and the impact of site and patient characteristics for the successful integration of SBIRT into medical settings.