Rate pressure product as a novel predictor of long-term adverse outcomes in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have suggested that heart rate and blood pressure play important roles in the development of adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the relationship between the rate pressure product (RPP) and long-term outcomes has rarely been investigated. This study investigated the effects of RPP on the clinical outcomes of patients with CAD who underwent PCI. DESIGN: In this study, a total of 6015 patients with CAD were enrolled. All patients were from the CORFCHD-PCI (Clinical Outcomes and Risk Factors of Patients with Coronary Heart Disease after PCI) Study. They were divided into two groups according to RPP (RPP <10 269, n=4018 and RPP ≥10 269, n=1997). In addition, the median follow-up time was 32 months. PARTICIPANTS: Data was obtained from 6050 patients with CAD who underwent PCI at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2008 to December 2016. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was long-term mortality, including all-cause mortality (ACM) and cardiac mortality (CM). The secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs). RESULTS: We found that there were significant differences between the two groups in the incidence of ACM, CM, MACCEs and MACEs (all p<0.05). Among the patients with CAD having ACM, CM, MACCEs and MACEs, the mean survival time of the low-value group was significantly higher than that of the high-value group. Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that RPP was an independent predictor for ACM (HR=1.605, 95% CI: 1.215–2.120, p=0.001), CM (HR=1.733, 95% CI: 1.267–2.369, p=0.001), MACCEs (HR=1.271, 95% CI: 1.063–1.518, p=0.008) and MACEs (HR=1.315, 95% CI: 1.092–1.584, p=0.004) in patients with stable CAD. On the other hand, there was no significant correlation between the RPP and the adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome. CONCLUSION: In summary, RPP is an independent predictor of long-term prognosis in patients with CAD who underwent PCI. A higher baseline RPP before PCI increased the risk of adverse outcomes. Compared with heart rate and blood pressure alone, RPP has a higher predictive value for adverse clinical outcomes.