PAF‐induced inflammatory and immuno‐allergic ophthalmic diseases and their mitigation with PAF receptor antagonists: Cell and nuclear effects

Ocular allergies are becoming more prevalent as more airborne pollutants, irritants and microbes pervade our environment. Inflammatory and allergic mediators released by dendritic and mast cells within the conjunctiva cause allergic conjunctivitis (AC), a prevalent ocular surface disorder that affects >40% of the world's human population on a seasonal or perennial basis. Even though histamine is a major culprit, platelet‐activating factor (PAF) also contributes to AC, acting either directly or synergistically with histamine and other mediators. PAF receptor‐meditated inflammatory reactions, via cell‐membrane‐bound and nuclear‐membrane‐bound and nuclear PAF receptors, are also implicated in the etiology of other eye diseases such as uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, corneal and choroidal neovascularization, and age‐related macular degeneration which cause serious visual impairment and can lead to blindness. This review highlights the various deleterious elements implicated in the pathological aspects of ocular allergic reactions and inflammation and provides concepts and treatment options to mitigate these eye disorders with a special focus on PAF and PAF receptor antagonists.