Revisiting the roles of dopants in g-C(3)N(4) nanostructures for piezo-photocatalytic production of H(2)O(2): a case study of selenium and sulfur

The sustainable production of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) from oxygen and water has become an exciting research hotspot in the scientific community due to the importance of this fine chemical in various fields. Besides, piezo-photocatalysis is an emerging star for generating H(2)O(2) from these green reagents. For developing catalysts for this specific application, doping heteroatoms into carbon-based materials such as graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C(3)N(4)) is a growing fascination among worldwide scientists. However, systematic study on the effects of doping precursors on the catalytic results is still rare. Herein, we fabricated sulfur (S) and selenium (Se) doped g-C(3)N(4) with various doping precursors to evaluate the effects of these agents on the production of H(2)O(2) under light and ultrasound irradiation. Based on the results, Se-doped g-C(3)N(4) gave an outstanding catalytic performance compared to S-doped g-C(3)N(4), even in a significantly low quantity of Se. In order to fully understand the chemical, physical, optical, and electronic properties of pristine g-C(3)N(4) and its derivatives, the as-prepared materials were thoroughly analyzed with various tools. Thus, this study would give more profound insights into doping techniques for carbon-based materials and encourage further research on the design and development of piezo-photocatalysts for practical applications.