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Long-term exposure to particulate matter on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) has essential and profound effects on human health, but most current studies focus on high-income countries. Evidence of the correlations between PM and health effects in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), especially the risk factor PM...

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Autores principales: Guo, Juanmei, Chai, Guorong, Song, Xuping, Hui, Xu, Li, Zhihong, Feng, Xiaowen, Yang, Kehu
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10089304/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37056647
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1134341
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author Guo, Juanmei
Chai, Guorong
Song, Xuping
Hui, Xu
Li, Zhihong
Feng, Xiaowen
Yang, Kehu
author_facet Guo, Juanmei
Chai, Guorong
Song, Xuping
Hui, Xu
Li, Zhihong
Feng, Xiaowen
Yang, Kehu
author_sort Guo, Juanmei
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) has essential and profound effects on human health, but most current studies focus on high-income countries. Evidence of the correlations between PM and health effects in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), especially the risk factor PM(1) (particles < 1 μm in size), remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of long-term exposure to particulate matter on the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in LMICs. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases from inception to May 1, 2022. Cohort studies and case-control studies that examine the effects of PM(1), PM(2.5), and PM(10) on the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in LMICs were included. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias. Outcomes were analyzed via a random effects model and are reported as the relative risk (RR) with 95% CI. RESULTS: Of the 1,978 studies that were identified, 38 met all the eligibility criteria. The studies indicated that long-term exposure to PM(2.5), PM(10), and PM(1) was associated with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases: (1) Long-term exposure to PM(2.5) was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity (RR per 1.11 μg/m(3), 95% CI: 1.05, 1.17) and mortality (RR per 1.10 μg/m(3), 95% CI: 1.06, 1.14) and was significantly associated with respiratory mortality (RR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.38) and morbidity (RR 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.04); (2) An increased risk of respiratory mortality was observed in the elderly (65+ years) (RR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.47) with long-term exposure to PM(2.5); (3) Long-term exposure to PM(10) was associated with cardiovascular morbidity (RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01, 1.13), respiratory morbidity (RR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.69) and respiratory mortality (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.10, 1.49); (4) A significant association between long-term exposure to PM(1) and cardiovascular disease was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to PM(2.5), PM(10) and PM(1) was all related to cardiovascular and respiratory disease events. PM(2.5) had a greater effect than PM(10), especially on respiratory diseases, and the risk of respiratory mortality was significantly higher for LMICs than high-income countries. More studies are needed to confirm the effect of PM(1) on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
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spelling pubmed-100893042023-04-12 Long-term exposure to particulate matter on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis Guo, Juanmei Chai, Guorong Song, Xuping Hui, Xu Li, Zhihong Feng, Xiaowen Yang, Kehu Front Public Health Public Health BACKGROUND: Long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) has essential and profound effects on human health, but most current studies focus on high-income countries. Evidence of the correlations between PM and health effects in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), especially the risk factor PM(1) (particles < 1 μm in size), remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of long-term exposure to particulate matter on the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in LMICs. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases from inception to May 1, 2022. Cohort studies and case-control studies that examine the effects of PM(1), PM(2.5), and PM(10) on the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in LMICs were included. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias. Outcomes were analyzed via a random effects model and are reported as the relative risk (RR) with 95% CI. RESULTS: Of the 1,978 studies that were identified, 38 met all the eligibility criteria. The studies indicated that long-term exposure to PM(2.5), PM(10), and PM(1) was associated with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases: (1) Long-term exposure to PM(2.5) was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity (RR per 1.11 μg/m(3), 95% CI: 1.05, 1.17) and mortality (RR per 1.10 μg/m(3), 95% CI: 1.06, 1.14) and was significantly associated with respiratory mortality (RR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.38) and morbidity (RR 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.04); (2) An increased risk of respiratory mortality was observed in the elderly (65+ years) (RR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.47) with long-term exposure to PM(2.5); (3) Long-term exposure to PM(10) was associated with cardiovascular morbidity (RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01, 1.13), respiratory morbidity (RR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.69) and respiratory mortality (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.10, 1.49); (4) A significant association between long-term exposure to PM(1) and cardiovascular disease was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to PM(2.5), PM(10) and PM(1) was all related to cardiovascular and respiratory disease events. PM(2.5) had a greater effect than PM(10), especially on respiratory diseases, and the risk of respiratory mortality was significantly higher for LMICs than high-income countries. More studies are needed to confirm the effect of PM(1) on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-03-28 /pmc/articles/PMC10089304/ /pubmed/37056647 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1134341 Text en Copyright © 2023 Guo, Chai, Song, Hui, Li, Feng and Yang. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Public Health
Guo, Juanmei
Chai, Guorong
Song, Xuping
Hui, Xu
Li, Zhihong
Feng, Xiaowen
Yang, Kehu
Long-term exposure to particulate matter on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis
title Long-term exposure to particulate matter on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis
title_full Long-term exposure to particulate matter on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis
title_fullStr Long-term exposure to particulate matter on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis
title_full_unstemmed Long-term exposure to particulate matter on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis
title_short Long-term exposure to particulate matter on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis
title_sort long-term exposure to particulate matter on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
topic Public Health
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10089304/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37056647
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1134341
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