Economic Evaluation Comparing Virtual Reality with Child Life Programming for Non-sedated Pediatric Medical Imaging: A Cost-Consequence Analysis

INTRODUCTION: Effective preparation of children for hospital procedures, including non-sedated medical imaging, is an important clinical issue. This study aimed to assess the costs and consequences (effects) of preparing pediatric patients using two methods of delivering preparation for a scheduled magnetic resonance image (MRI)—virtual reality (VR-MRI) and a certified Child Life Program (CLP). METHODS: A cost-consequence analysis (CCA) was performed using a societal perspective in Canada. The CCA catalogs a wide range of costs and consequences of VR-MRI compared with a CLP. The evaluation uses data from a prior randomized clinical trial evaluating VR and a CLP in a simulated trial. The economic evaluation encompassed health-related effects, including anxiety, safety and adverse events, and non-health effects, including preparation time, displaced time from usual activities, workload capacity, patient-specific adaptation, administrative burden, and user-experience metrics. The costs have been categorized into hospital operational costs, travel costs, other patient costs, and societal costs. RESULTS: VR-MRI has similar benefits to the CLP in managing anxiety, safety and adverse events, as well as converting patients to non-sedated medical imaging. Preparation time and patient-specific adaptation are in favor of the CLP, while displaced time from usual activities, potential workload capacity, and administrative burden are in favor of VR-MRI. Both programs rank favorably in terms of user experience. The hospital operational costs ranged in Canadian dollars (CAN$) from CAN$32.07 for the CLP to between CAN$107.37 and CAN$129.73 for VR-MRI. Travel costs ranged from CAN$50.58 to CAN$2365.18 depending on travel distance for the CLP, and CAN$0 for VR-MRI. Other patient costs involved caregiver time off, and ranged from CAN$190.69 to CAN$$1144.16 for the CLP and CAN$47.67 for VR-MRI. The total cost for the CLP ranged from CAN$315.16 (CAN$277.91–$426.64) to CAN$3843.41 (CAN$3196.59–$4849.91) per patient depending on travel distance and amount of administrative support required, while VR-MRI preparation ranged from CAN$178.30 (CAN$178.20–$188.76) to CAN$283.85 (CAN$283.71–$298.40) per patient. For every instance where patient travel to visit a Certified Child Life Specialist (CCLS) onsite was replaced with VR-MRI, between CAN$119.01 and CAN$3364.62 total costs could be saved per patient. CONCLUSIONS: While it is neither feasible nor appropriate to replace all preparation with VR, using VR to reach children who cannot otherwise visit the CLP onsite could increase access to quality preparation, and using VR in place of the CLP where clinically indicated could reduce the overall costs for patients, the hospital, and society. Our CCA gives decision makers a cost analysis and the relevant effects of each preparation program so they can value the VR and CLP programs more broadly within the potential health and non-health outcomes of pediatric patients scheduled for MRI at their facilities. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41669-023-00409-y.