4.9% Efficient Sb(2)S(3) Solar Cells from Semitransparent Absorbers with Fluorene-Based Thiophene-Terminated Hole Conductors

[Image: see text] Fluorene-based hole transport materials (HTMs) with terminating thiophene units are explored, for the first time, for antimony sulfide (Sb(2)S(3)) solar cells. These HTMs possess largely simplified synthesis processes and high yields compared to the conventional expensive hole conductors making them reasonably economical. The thiophene unit-linked HTMs have been successfully demonstrated in ultrasonic spray-deposited Sb(2)S(3) solar cells resulting in efficiencies in the range of 4.7–4.9% with an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 30–33% (400–800 nm) for the cell stack without metal contact, while the cells fabricated using conventional P3HT have yielded an efficiency of 4.7% with an AVT of 26%. The study puts forward cost-effective and transparent HTMs that avoid a post-coating activation at elevated temperatures like P3HT, devoid of parasitic absorption losses in the visible region and are demonstrated to be well aligned for the band edges of Sb(2)S(3) thereby ascertaining their suitability for Sb(2)S(3) solar cells and are potential candidates for semitransparent applications.