Resolution, quantification, and reliable determination of enantiomeric excess of proteinogenic and non‐proteinogenic amino acids by comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography

This work proposes a comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography method for the resolution and quantification of 27 amino acids, including 17 enantiomeric pairs, as stable N‐trifluoroacetyl‐O‐methyl ester derivatives. The derivatization approach in combination with enantioselective two‐dimensional gas chromatography has proven to be highly responsive with a method detection limit of 1–7 pg even for sterically hindered amino acids such as α,α‐dialkylated, and N‐alkylated amino acids. Accurate determination of the enantiomeric excess was achieved with errors in the range of ±0.5%–2.5% (1σ) at concentrations ≥10(‒6) M. A thorough study of the mass spectra of the amino acid derivatives allowed the fragmentation pathways to be distinguished, enabling chromatographic peaks to be unambiguously assigned. The proposed method is particularly suited for applications that require the precise determination of enantiomeric excesses such as those concerning the role of d‐amino acid enantiomers in humans, animals, and the environment, as well as for analyses of extraterrestrial samples aimed at understanding the selection of amino acids in stereochemical l‐configuration.