Non-Coding RNAs Derived from Extracellular Vesicles Promote Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation and Tumor Distant Metastasis

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Tumor cells generate extracellular vesicles, which exert a critical role in intercellular communication through the delivery of their cargo, thus regulating many cell functions to promote the tumor’s progression. This review focuses on the formation of pre-metastatic niche, which is a key process in the early metastasis of tumor, and provides an overview of the role and mechanism of non-coding RNA derived from extracellular vesicles in mediating tumor-distant metastasis, and its predictive value for tumor diagnosis and evaluation as a potential target for anti-tumor metastasis. ABSTRACT: Metastasis is a critical stage of tumor progression, a crucial challenge of clinical therapy, and a major cause of tumor patient death. Numerous studies have confirmed that distant tumor metastasis is dependent on the formation of pre-metastatic niche (PMN). Recent studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in PMN formation. The non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) derived from EVs mediate PMN formation and tumor-distant metastasis by promoting an inflammatory environment, inhibiting anti-tumor immune response, inducing angiogenesis and permeability, and by microenvironmental reprogramming. Given the stability and high abundance of ncRNAs carried by EVs in body fluids, they have great potential for application in tumor diagnosis as well as targeted interventions. This review focuses on the mechanism of ncRNAs derived from EVs promoting tumor PMN formation and distant metastasis to provide a theoretical reference for strategies to control tumor metastasis.