Bones and Hormones: Interaction between Hormones of the Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Adipose Tissue and Bone

The bony skeleton, as a structural foundation for the human body, is essential in providing mechanical function and movement. The human skeleton is a highly specialized and dynamic organ that undergoes continuous remodeling as it adapts to the demands of its environment. Advances in research over the last decade have shone light on the various hormones that influence this process, modulating the metabolism and structural integrity of bone. More recently, novel and non-traditional functions of hypothalamic, pituitary, and adipose hormones and their effects on bone homeostasis have been proposed. This review highlights recent work on physiological bone remodeling and discusses our knowledge, as it currently stands, on the systemic interplay of factors regulating this interaction. In this review, we provide a summary of the literature on the relationship between bone physiology and hormones including kisspeptin, neuropeptide Y, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH), leptin, and adiponectin. The discovery and understanding of this new functionality unveils an entirely new layer of physiologic circuitry.