Municipal Sewage Sludge as a Source for Obtaining Efficient Biosorbents: Analysis of Pyrolysis Products and Adsorption Tests

In the 21st century, the development of industry and population growth have significantly increased the amount of sewage sludge produced. It is a by-product of wastewater treatment, which requires appropriate management due to biological and chemical hazards, as well as several legal regulations. The pyrolysis of sewage sludge to biochar can become an effective way to neutralise and use waste. Tests were carried out to determine the effect of pyrolysis conditions, such as time and temperature, on the properties and composition of the products obtained and the sorption capacity of the generated biochar. Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) showed that the main components of the produced gas phase were CO(2), CO, CH(4) and to a lesser extent volatile organic compounds. In tar, compounds of mainly anthropogenic origin were identified using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The efficiency of obtaining biochars ranged from 44% to 50%. An increase in the pyrolysis temperature resulted in a decreased amount of biochar produced while improving its physicochemical properties. The biochar obtained at high temperatures showed the good adsorption capacity of Cu(2+) (26 mg·g(−1)) and Zn(2+) (21 mg·g(−1)) cations, which indicates that it can compete with similar sorbents. Adsorption of Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) proceeded according to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. The biosorbent obtained from sewage sludge can be successfully used for the separation of metal cations from water and technological wastewater or be the basis for producing modified and mixed carbon sorbents.