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Paper-Based Laminates Impregnated with a Hybrid Lignin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin
In this study, high-pressure laminates (HPL) impregnated with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins enriched with kraft lignin were developed. Pulverised kraft lignin was added to the commercial PF resin in the amounts of 1% and 5% (solid to solid). Laminates were manufactured using pressure impregnation...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10096454/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37048965 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072669 |
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author | Němec, Miroslav Hájková, Kateřina Hýsek, Štěpán |
author_facet | Němec, Miroslav Hájková, Kateřina Hýsek, Štěpán |
author_sort | Němec, Miroslav |
collection | PubMed |
description | In this study, high-pressure laminates (HPL) impregnated with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins enriched with kraft lignin were developed. Pulverised kraft lignin was added to the commercial PF resin in the amounts of 1% and 5% (solid to solid). Laminates were manufactured using pressure impregnation of the resins into the papers and using hot pressing of HPL in a laboratory press. Laminates with a lignin content of 1% (L-LPF-1) showed the highest bending strength (72.42 MPa) and Brinell hardness (9.41); they also exhibited the best moisture uptake (9.61) and thickness swelling after immersion in water (3.32%). Except for impact bending, laminates with a lignin content of 5% (L-LPF-5) had worse properties. However, the differences between the variants are mostly not statistically significant and are comparable with the results of commercial PF resin. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the homogenous structure of produced laminates and the occurrence of cohesive failures in ruptured L-LPF-1 laminates, whereas in ruptured L-LPF-5 laminates adhesive failures were also observed. Based on the conducted research it can be said that the utilisation of kraft lignin as an additive to PF resin (in the amount of 1%) has a positive effect on the produced HPL. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10096454 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-100964542023-04-13 Paper-Based Laminates Impregnated with a Hybrid Lignin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Němec, Miroslav Hájková, Kateřina Hýsek, Štěpán Materials (Basel) Article In this study, high-pressure laminates (HPL) impregnated with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins enriched with kraft lignin were developed. Pulverised kraft lignin was added to the commercial PF resin in the amounts of 1% and 5% (solid to solid). Laminates were manufactured using pressure impregnation of the resins into the papers and using hot pressing of HPL in a laboratory press. Laminates with a lignin content of 1% (L-LPF-1) showed the highest bending strength (72.42 MPa) and Brinell hardness (9.41); they also exhibited the best moisture uptake (9.61) and thickness swelling after immersion in water (3.32%). Except for impact bending, laminates with a lignin content of 5% (L-LPF-5) had worse properties. However, the differences between the variants are mostly not statistically significant and are comparable with the results of commercial PF resin. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the homogenous structure of produced laminates and the occurrence of cohesive failures in ruptured L-LPF-1 laminates, whereas in ruptured L-LPF-5 laminates adhesive failures were also observed. Based on the conducted research it can be said that the utilisation of kraft lignin as an additive to PF resin (in the amount of 1%) has a positive effect on the produced HPL. MDPI 2023-03-27 /pmc/articles/PMC10096454/ /pubmed/37048965 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072669 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Němec, Miroslav Hájková, Kateřina Hýsek, Štěpán Paper-Based Laminates Impregnated with a Hybrid Lignin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin |
title | Paper-Based Laminates Impregnated with a Hybrid Lignin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin |
title_full | Paper-Based Laminates Impregnated with a Hybrid Lignin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin |
title_fullStr | Paper-Based Laminates Impregnated with a Hybrid Lignin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin |
title_full_unstemmed | Paper-Based Laminates Impregnated with a Hybrid Lignin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin |
title_short | Paper-Based Laminates Impregnated with a Hybrid Lignin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin |
title_sort | paper-based laminates impregnated with a hybrid lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resin |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10096454/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37048965 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072669 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT nemecmiroslav paperbasedlaminatesimpregnatedwithahybridligninphenolformaldehyderesin AT hajkovakaterina paperbasedlaminatesimpregnatedwithahybridligninphenolformaldehyderesin AT hysekstepan paperbasedlaminatesimpregnatedwithahybridligninphenolformaldehyderesin |