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Comparison of 30 Cytokines in Human Breast Milk between 1989 and 2013 in Japan
Milk cytokines play a vital role in mucosal immunity during infancy by supporting immune development and functions. Although the maternal background characteristics influence milk cytokines, changes in cytokine levels across generations remain unclear. Colostrum (C, n = 48) and mature milk (MM, n =...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10096822/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37049575 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15071735 |
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author | Takahashi, Tomoki Ueno, Hiroshi M. Yamaide, Fumiya Nakano, Taiji Shiko, Yuki Kawasaki, Yohei Mitsuishi, Chisako Shimojo, Naoki |
author_facet | Takahashi, Tomoki Ueno, Hiroshi M. Yamaide, Fumiya Nakano, Taiji Shiko, Yuki Kawasaki, Yohei Mitsuishi, Chisako Shimojo, Naoki |
author_sort | Takahashi, Tomoki |
collection | PubMed |
description | Milk cytokines play a vital role in mucosal immunity during infancy by supporting immune development and functions. Although the maternal background characteristics influence milk cytokines, changes in cytokine levels across generations remain unclear. Colostrum (C, n = 48) and mature milk (MM, n = 49) samples were collected from lactating Japanese women in 1989 (2727 samples) and 2013 (1408 samples). Milk cytokines were comprehensively measured using a suspension array and immunosorbent assays. The positive rates and cytokine concentrations were compared between the two generations using logistic and multiple regression analyses. Twenty-eight cytokines tested positive in all sample groups (1989-C, 1989-MM, 2013-C, and 2013-MM). The median osteopontin (OPN) level was significantly higher in the 1989-C group than in the 2013-C group (318.1 vs. 137.5 μg/mL; p = 0.0016) but did not differ between the MM groups. The median TGF-β1 level was significantly lower in the 1989-MM group than in the 2013-MM group (1056.2 vs. 1330.8 pg/mL; p = 0.008) but did not differ between the C groups. Most cytokines were comparable between generations, except for potential variation in the C-OPN and TGF-β1 levels. Milk cytokine secretion may reflect temporal changes in maternal background characteristics; however, the results from the analysis of 30-year-old samples may have influenced the milk cytokine levels. Further studies are needed with a larger number of milk samples collected from the same individuals at multiple time points over a wide lactation period, with detailed data on the maternal and infant background characteristics and diets. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10096822 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-100968222023-04-13 Comparison of 30 Cytokines in Human Breast Milk between 1989 and 2013 in Japan Takahashi, Tomoki Ueno, Hiroshi M. Yamaide, Fumiya Nakano, Taiji Shiko, Yuki Kawasaki, Yohei Mitsuishi, Chisako Shimojo, Naoki Nutrients Article Milk cytokines play a vital role in mucosal immunity during infancy by supporting immune development and functions. Although the maternal background characteristics influence milk cytokines, changes in cytokine levels across generations remain unclear. Colostrum (C, n = 48) and mature milk (MM, n = 49) samples were collected from lactating Japanese women in 1989 (2727 samples) and 2013 (1408 samples). Milk cytokines were comprehensively measured using a suspension array and immunosorbent assays. The positive rates and cytokine concentrations were compared between the two generations using logistic and multiple regression analyses. Twenty-eight cytokines tested positive in all sample groups (1989-C, 1989-MM, 2013-C, and 2013-MM). The median osteopontin (OPN) level was significantly higher in the 1989-C group than in the 2013-C group (318.1 vs. 137.5 μg/mL; p = 0.0016) but did not differ between the MM groups. The median TGF-β1 level was significantly lower in the 1989-MM group than in the 2013-MM group (1056.2 vs. 1330.8 pg/mL; p = 0.008) but did not differ between the C groups. Most cytokines were comparable between generations, except for potential variation in the C-OPN and TGF-β1 levels. Milk cytokine secretion may reflect temporal changes in maternal background characteristics; however, the results from the analysis of 30-year-old samples may have influenced the milk cytokine levels. Further studies are needed with a larger number of milk samples collected from the same individuals at multiple time points over a wide lactation period, with detailed data on the maternal and infant background characteristics and diets. MDPI 2023-04-01 /pmc/articles/PMC10096822/ /pubmed/37049575 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15071735 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Takahashi, Tomoki Ueno, Hiroshi M. Yamaide, Fumiya Nakano, Taiji Shiko, Yuki Kawasaki, Yohei Mitsuishi, Chisako Shimojo, Naoki Comparison of 30 Cytokines in Human Breast Milk between 1989 and 2013 in Japan |
title | Comparison of 30 Cytokines in Human Breast Milk between 1989 and 2013 in Japan |
title_full | Comparison of 30 Cytokines in Human Breast Milk between 1989 and 2013 in Japan |
title_fullStr | Comparison of 30 Cytokines in Human Breast Milk between 1989 and 2013 in Japan |
title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of 30 Cytokines in Human Breast Milk between 1989 and 2013 in Japan |
title_short | Comparison of 30 Cytokines in Human Breast Milk between 1989 and 2013 in Japan |
title_sort | comparison of 30 cytokines in human breast milk between 1989 and 2013 in japan |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10096822/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37049575 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15071735 |
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