Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus nsp5 Induces Incomplete Autophagy by Impairing the Interaction of STX17 and SNAP29

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important pathogen that has devastated the worldwide swine industry for over 30 years. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular lysosomal degradation pathway, and previous studies have documented that PRRSV infection prompts autophagosome accumulation. However, whether PRRSV induces complete or incomplete autophagy remains controversial. Here, we demonstrated that overexpression of PRRSV nonstructural protein 5 (nsp5) induced the accumulation of autophagosomes, and a similar scenario was observed in PRRSV-infected cells. Moreover, both PRRSV infection and nsp5 overexpression activated incomplete autophagy, as evidenced by the blockage of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Mechanistically, nsp5 overexpression, as well as PRRSV infection, inhibited the interaction of syntaxin 17 (STX17) with synaptosomal-associated protein 29 (SNAP29), two SNARE proteins that mediate autophagosome fusion with lysosomes, to impair the formation of autolysosomes. We further confirmed that nsp5 interacted with STX17, rather than SANP29, and the interacting domains of STX17 were the N-terminal motif and SNARE motif. Taken together, the findings of our study suggest a mechanism by which PRRSV induces incomplete autophagy by blocking autophagosome degradation and provide insights into the development of new therapeutics to combat PRRSV infection. IMPORTANCE A substantial number of viruses have been demonstrated to utilize or hijack autophagy to benefit their replication. In the case of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), previous studies have demonstrated the proviral effects of autophagy on PRRSV proliferation. Thus, an investigation of the mechanism by which PRRSV regulates the autophagy processes can provide new insight into viral pathogenesis. Autophagic flux is a dynamic process that consists of autophagosome formation and subsequent lysosomal degradation. However, the exact effect of PRRSV infection on the autophagic flux remains disputed. In this study, we demonstrated that PRRSV infection, as well as PRRSV nsp5 overexpression, inhibited the interaction of STX17 with SNAP29 to impair the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, thereby blocking autophagic flux. This information will help us to understand PRRSV-host interactions and unravel new targets for PRRS prevention and control.