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Hemophagocytic Syndrome and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a hyperinflammatory hyperferritinemic syndrome, is triggered by various etiologies and diseases and can lead to multiorgan dysfunction and death. There are two types of HLH: primary and secondary. Primary HLH (pHLH) is caused by a genetic mutation resulting...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Cureus
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10101193/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37065291 http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.36140 |
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author | Fadlallah, Mahdi M Salman, Sarah M Fadlallah, Mariam M Rahal, Hassan |
author_facet | Fadlallah, Mahdi M Salman, Sarah M Fadlallah, Mariam M Rahal, Hassan |
author_sort | Fadlallah, Mahdi M |
collection | PubMed |
description | Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a hyperinflammatory hyperferritinemic syndrome, is triggered by various etiologies and diseases and can lead to multiorgan dysfunction and death. There are two types of HLH: primary and secondary. Primary HLH (pHLH) is caused by a genetic mutation resulting in dysfunction in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer (NK) cells, hyperactivated immune cells, and hypercytokinemia. In secondary HLH (sHLH), an underlying etiology is the cause of the disease. Infections, malignancy, and autoimmune diseases are well-known triggers for sHLH. Infectious triggers for sHLH are most frequently viruses, where different mechanisms, including dysregulated CTLs and NK cell activity and persistent immune system stimulation, have been reported. Similarly, in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, a hyperinflammatory mechanism leading to hypercytokinemia and hyperferritinemia has been demonstrated. A similar dysfunction in CTLs and NK cells, persistent immune system stimulation with increased cytokines production, and severe end-organ damage have been reported. Therefore, a significant overlap is present between the clinical and laboratory features seen in COVID-19 and sHLH. However, SARS-CoV-2, similar to other viruses, can trigger sHLH. Hence, a diagnostic approach is needed in severe COVID-19 patients presenting with multiorgan failure, in whom sHLH should be considered. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10101193 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Cureus |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-101011932023-04-14 Hemophagocytic Syndrome and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review Fadlallah, Mahdi M Salman, Sarah M Fadlallah, Mariam M Rahal, Hassan Cureus Internal Medicine Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a hyperinflammatory hyperferritinemic syndrome, is triggered by various etiologies and diseases and can lead to multiorgan dysfunction and death. There are two types of HLH: primary and secondary. Primary HLH (pHLH) is caused by a genetic mutation resulting in dysfunction in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer (NK) cells, hyperactivated immune cells, and hypercytokinemia. In secondary HLH (sHLH), an underlying etiology is the cause of the disease. Infections, malignancy, and autoimmune diseases are well-known triggers for sHLH. Infectious triggers for sHLH are most frequently viruses, where different mechanisms, including dysregulated CTLs and NK cell activity and persistent immune system stimulation, have been reported. Similarly, in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, a hyperinflammatory mechanism leading to hypercytokinemia and hyperferritinemia has been demonstrated. A similar dysfunction in CTLs and NK cells, persistent immune system stimulation with increased cytokines production, and severe end-organ damage have been reported. Therefore, a significant overlap is present between the clinical and laboratory features seen in COVID-19 and sHLH. However, SARS-CoV-2, similar to other viruses, can trigger sHLH. Hence, a diagnostic approach is needed in severe COVID-19 patients presenting with multiorgan failure, in whom sHLH should be considered. Cureus 2023-03-14 /pmc/articles/PMC10101193/ /pubmed/37065291 http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.36140 Text en Copyright © 2023, Fadlallah et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Internal Medicine Fadlallah, Mahdi M Salman, Sarah M Fadlallah, Mariam M Rahal, Hassan Hemophagocytic Syndrome and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review |
title | Hemophagocytic Syndrome and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review |
title_full | Hemophagocytic Syndrome and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review |
title_fullStr | Hemophagocytic Syndrome and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review |
title_full_unstemmed | Hemophagocytic Syndrome and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review |
title_short | Hemophagocytic Syndrome and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review |
title_sort | hemophagocytic syndrome and covid-19: a comprehensive review |
topic | Internal Medicine |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10101193/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37065291 http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.36140 |
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