Effects of extended mixing processes on fresh, hardened and durable properties of cement systems incorporating fly ash

Specifications that correspond with system performance may guarantee the addition of value. Most specifications for ready-mixed concrete address limits on discharge time and truck-drum revolution counts. These limits have been developed for conventional concrete. As the uses of supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) become ubiquitous, it is important to determine whether these specifications are applicable to SCMs, that is, systems containing fly ash. This paper presents results of the effects of mixing time and mixer revolution counts on characteristics of lab-made pastes and mortars containing 20% and 50% fly ash. Their characteristics assessed include time-variant ion concentrations, setting time, flow, compressive strength, porosity, and apparent chloride diffusivity coefficient. Results indicate that with increasing mixing time and mixer revolution counts, mixtures with a replacement of fly ash exhibit improved both fresh and hardened characteristics. When mixed for 60 min or 25,505 revolution count, the 28-day compressive strengths of mixtures containing 20% and 50% fly ash are 50% to 100% higher than the neat cement. Fly ash is suggested to adopt in the extended mixing processes of cement systems.