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The innate and T-cell mediated immune response during acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection

Immediately after entry into host cells, viruses are sensed by the innate immune system, leading to the activation of innate antiviral effector mechanisms including the type I interferon (IFN) response and natural killer (NK) cells. This innate immune response helps to shape an effective adaptive T...

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Autores principales: Rex, Viktoria, Zargari, Razieh, Stempel, Markus, Halle, Stephan, Brinkmann, Melanie M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10102517/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37065193
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146381
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author Rex, Viktoria
Zargari, Razieh
Stempel, Markus
Halle, Stephan
Brinkmann, Melanie M.
author_facet Rex, Viktoria
Zargari, Razieh
Stempel, Markus
Halle, Stephan
Brinkmann, Melanie M.
author_sort Rex, Viktoria
collection PubMed
description Immediately after entry into host cells, viruses are sensed by the innate immune system, leading to the activation of innate antiviral effector mechanisms including the type I interferon (IFN) response and natural killer (NK) cells. This innate immune response helps to shape an effective adaptive T cell immune response mediated by cytotoxic T cells and CD4(+) T helper cells and is also critical for the maintenance of protective T cells during chronic infection. The human gammaherpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a highly prevalent lymphotropic oncovirus that establishes chronic lifelong infections in the vast majority of the adult population. Although acute EBV infection is controlled in an immunocompetent host, chronic EBV infection can lead to severe complications in immunosuppressed patients. Given that EBV is strictly host-specific, its murine homolog murid herpesvirus 4 or MHV68 is a widely used model to obtain in vivo insights into the interaction between gammaherpesviruses and their host. Despite the fact that EBV and MHV68 have developed strategies to evade the innate and adaptive immune response, innate antiviral effector mechanisms still play a vital role in not only controlling the acute infection but also shaping an efficient long-lasting adaptive immune response. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the innate immune response mediated by the type I IFN system and NK cells, and the adaptive T cell-mediated response during EBV and MHV68 infection. Investigating the fine-tuned interplay between the innate immune and T cell response will provide valuable insights which may be exploited to design better therapeutic strategies to vanquish chronic herpesviral infection.
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spelling pubmed-101025172023-04-15 The innate and T-cell mediated immune response during acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection Rex, Viktoria Zargari, Razieh Stempel, Markus Halle, Stephan Brinkmann, Melanie M. Front Cell Infect Microbiol Cellular and Infection Microbiology Immediately after entry into host cells, viruses are sensed by the innate immune system, leading to the activation of innate antiviral effector mechanisms including the type I interferon (IFN) response and natural killer (NK) cells. This innate immune response helps to shape an effective adaptive T cell immune response mediated by cytotoxic T cells and CD4(+) T helper cells and is also critical for the maintenance of protective T cells during chronic infection. The human gammaherpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a highly prevalent lymphotropic oncovirus that establishes chronic lifelong infections in the vast majority of the adult population. Although acute EBV infection is controlled in an immunocompetent host, chronic EBV infection can lead to severe complications in immunosuppressed patients. Given that EBV is strictly host-specific, its murine homolog murid herpesvirus 4 or MHV68 is a widely used model to obtain in vivo insights into the interaction between gammaherpesviruses and their host. Despite the fact that EBV and MHV68 have developed strategies to evade the innate and adaptive immune response, innate antiviral effector mechanisms still play a vital role in not only controlling the acute infection but also shaping an efficient long-lasting adaptive immune response. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the innate immune response mediated by the type I IFN system and NK cells, and the adaptive T cell-mediated response during EBV and MHV68 infection. Investigating the fine-tuned interplay between the innate immune and T cell response will provide valuable insights which may be exploited to design better therapeutic strategies to vanquish chronic herpesviral infection. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-03-31 /pmc/articles/PMC10102517/ /pubmed/37065193 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146381 Text en Copyright © 2023 Rex, Zargari, Stempel, Halle and Brinkmann https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Cellular and Infection Microbiology
Rex, Viktoria
Zargari, Razieh
Stempel, Markus
Halle, Stephan
Brinkmann, Melanie M.
The innate and T-cell mediated immune response during acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection
title The innate and T-cell mediated immune response during acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection
title_full The innate and T-cell mediated immune response during acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection
title_fullStr The innate and T-cell mediated immune response during acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection
title_full_unstemmed The innate and T-cell mediated immune response during acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection
title_short The innate and T-cell mediated immune response during acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection
title_sort innate and t-cell mediated immune response during acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection
topic Cellular and Infection Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10102517/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37065193
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146381
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