Analyzing COVID-19 data in the Canadian province of Manitoba: A new approach

The basic homogeneous SEIR (susceptible–exposed–infected–removed) model is a commonly used compartmental model for analysing infectious diseases such as influenza and COVID-19. However, in the homogeneous SEIR model, it is assumed that the population of study is homogeneous and, one cannot incorporate individual-level information (e.g., location of infected people, distance between susceptible and infected individuals, vaccination status) which may be important in predicting new disease cases. Recently, a geographically-dependent individual-level model (GD-ILM) within an SEIR framework was developed for when both regional and individual-level spatial data are available. In this paper, we propose to use an SEIR GD-ILM for each health region of Manitoba (central Canadian province) population to analyse the COVID-19 data. As different health regions of the population under study may act differently, we assume that each health region has its own corresponding parameters determined by a homogeneous SEIR model (such as contact rate, latent period, infectious period). A Monte Carlo Expectation Conditional Maximization (MCECM) algorithm is used for inference. Using estimated parameters we predict the infection rate at each health region of Manitoba over time to identify highly risk local geographical areas. Performance of the proposed approach is also evaluated through simulation studies.