H(2)O(2), NO, and H(2)S networks during root development and signalling under physiological and challenging environments: Beneficial or toxic?

Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a key modulator of the development and architecture of the root system under physiological and adverse environmental conditions. Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) also exert myriad functions on plant development and signalling. Accumulating pieces of evidence show that depending upon the dose and mode of applications, NO and H(2)S can have synergistic or antagonistic actions in mediating H(2)O(2) signalling during root development. Thus, H(2)O(2)‐NO‐H(2)S crosstalk might essentially impart tolerance to elude oxidative stress in roots. Growth and proliferation of root apex involve crucial orchestration of NO and H(2)S‐mediated ROS signalling which also comprise other components including mitogen‐activated protein kinase, cyclins, cyclin‐dependent kinases, respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH), and Ca(2+) flux. This assessment provides a comprehensive update on the cooperative roles of NO and H(2)S in modulating H(2)O(2) homoeostasis during root development, abiotic stress tolerance, and root‐microbe interaction. Furthermore, it also analyses the scopes of some fascinating future investigations associated with strigolactone and karrikins concerning H(2)O(2)‐NO‐H(2)S crosstalk in plant roots.