Environmental factors are associated to hospital outcomes in COVID-19 patients during lockdown and post-lockdown in 2020: A nationwide study

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed, at a postcode detailed level, the relation-ship between short-term exposure to environmental factors and hospital ad-missions, in-hospital mortality, ICU admission, and ICU mortality due to COVID-19 during the lockdown and post-lockdown 2020 period in Spain. METHODS: We performed a nationwide population-based retrospective study on 208,744 patients admitted to Spanish hospitals due to COVID-19 based on the Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS) during the first two waves of the pandemic in 2020. Environmental data were obtained from Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service. The association was assessed by a generalized additive model. RESULTS: PM(2.5) was the most critical environmental factor related to hospital admissions and hospital mortality due to COVID-19 during the lockdown in Spain, PM(10), NO(2), and SO2and also showed associations. The effect was considerably reduced during the post-lockdown period. ICU admissions in COVID-19 patients were mainly associated with PM(2.5), PM(10), NO(2), and SO2 during the lockdown as well. During the lockdown, exposure to PM(2.5) and PM(10) were the most critical environmental factors related to ICU mortality in COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Short-term exposure to air pollutants impacts COVID-19 out-comes during the lockdown, especially PM(2.5), PM(10), NO(2), and SO2. These pollutants are associated with hospital admission, hospital mortality and ICU admission, while ICU mortality is mainly associated with PM(2.5) and PM(10). Our findings reveal the importance of monitoring air pollutants in respiratory infectious diseases.