Machine learning-based integration develops an immune-related risk model for predicting prognosis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer and providing therapeutic strategies

BACKGROUND: High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is a highly lethal gynecological cancer that requires accurate prognostic models and personalized treatment strategies. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial for disease progression and treatment. Machine learning-based integration is a powerful tool for identifying predictive biomarkers and developing prognostic models. Hence, an immune-related risk model developed using machine learning-based integration could improve prognostic prediction and guide personalized treatment for HGSOC. METHODS: During the bioinformatic study in HGSOC, we performed (i) consensus clustering to identify immune subtypes based on signatures of immune and stromal cells, (ii) differentially expressed genes and univariate Cox regression analysis to derive TME- and prognosis-related genes, (iii) machine learning-based procedures constructed by ten independent machine learning algorithms to screen and construct a TME-related risk score (TMErisk), and (iv) evaluation of the effect of TMErisk on the deconstruction of TME, indication of genomic instability, and guidance of immunotherapy and chemotherapy. RESULTS: We identified two different immune microenvironment phenotypes and a robust and clinically practicable prognostic scoring system. TMErisk demonstrated superior performance over most clinical features and other published signatures in predicting HGSOC prognosis across cohorts. The low TMErisk group with a notably favorable prognosis was characterized by BRCA1 mutation, activation of immunity, and a better immune response. Conversely, the high TMErisk group was significantly associated with C-X-C motif chemokine ligands deletion and carcinogenic activation pathways. Additionally, low TMErisk group patients were more responsive to eleven candidate agents. CONCLUSION: Our study developed a novel immune-related risk model that predicts the prognosis of ovarian cancer patients using machine learning-based integration. Additionally, the study not only depicts the diversity of cell components in the TME of HGSOC but also guides the development of potential therapeutic techniques for addressing tumor immunosuppression and enhancing the response to cancer therapy.