Reduced circulating interleukin 35 is associated with enhanced peripheral T cell function in primary biliary cholangitis

Interleukin 35 (IL-35) mediates immunosuppression of T cells in autoimmune diseases. T cells play an important role in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) with incompletely elucidated pathogenesis. Thus, we aimed to investigate the role of IL-35 regulation on T cells in PBC patients. Fifty-one PBC patients and 28 controls were enrolled in this study. Plasma IL-35 level was measured. Purified peripheral CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were stimulated with exogenous IL-35 to investigate their functional phenotypes. IL-35-treated CD8(+) T cells were cultured with human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cell line to determine the cytotoxicity of CD8(+) T cells from PBC patients. Plasma IL-35 concentration was lower in PBC patients and negatively correlated with alkaline phosphatase. CD4(+) T cells from PBC patients exhibited elevated transcription factor expressions and cytokine secretion, whereas CD8(+) T cells produced increased cytotoxic molecules and cytokines. In vitro IL-35 stimulation suppressed the production of IL-17 and IL-22 by CD4(+) T cells from PBC patients. CD8(+) T cells treated with IL-35 mediated reduced target cell death in the direct contact co-culture system in PBC patients. This process was accompanied by reduced production of cytotoxic molecules and cytokines and increased expressions of immune checkpoint receptors in CD8(+) T cells. Reduced circulating IL-35 might be insufficient to suppress T cell function, leading to the immune dysregulation in PBC patients.