Nanocomposites with ZrO(2)@S-Doped g-C(3)N(4) as an Enhanced Binder-Free Sensor: Synthesis and Characterization

[Image: see text] This study describes new electrocatalyst materials that can detect and reduce environmental pollutants. The synthesis and characterization of semiconductor nanocomposites (NCs) made from active ZrO(2)@S-doped g-C(3)N(4) is presented. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Mott-Schottky (M-S) measurements were used to examine electron transfer characteristics of the synthesized samples. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) techniques, inclusion of monoclinic ZrO(2) on flower-shaped S-doped-g-C(3)N(4) was visualized. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed successful doping of ZrO(2) into the lattice of S-doped g-C(3)N(4). The electron transport mechanism between the electrolyte and the fluorine tin-oxide electrode (FTOE) was enhanced by the synergistic interaction between ZrO(2) and S-doped g-C(3)N(4) as co-modifiers. Development of a platform with improved conductivity based on an FTOE modified with ZrO(2)@S-doped g-C(3)N(4) NCs resulted in an ideal platform for the detection of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in water. The electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrode was evaluated through determination of 4-NP by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) under optimum conditions (pH 5). ZrO(2)@S-doped g-C(3)N(4) (20%)/FTOE exhibited good electrocatalytic activity with a linear range from 10 to 100 μM and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 6.65 μM. Typical p-type semiconductor ZrO(2)@S-doped g-C(3)N(4) NCs significantly impact the superior detection of 4-NP due to its size, shape, optical properties, specific surface area and effective separation of electron–hole pairs. We conclude that the superior electrochemical sensor behavior of the ZrO(2)@S-doped g-C(3)N(4) (20%)/FTOE surfaces results from the synergistic interaction between S-doped g-C(3)N(4) and ZrO(2) surfaces that produce an active NC interface.