Progesterone levels associated with proteinuria in male diabetes mellitus patients: A cross‐sectional retrospective study

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between progesterone (P) and diabetic nephropathy (DKD) is unclear. Herein, we investigated the relationship between progesterone and DKD in men and postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited 3,556 male and postmenopausal female patients and obtained the dominance ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with progesterone by logistic regression analysis after adjusting for potentially confounding variants. RESULTS: We found that progesterone levels were significantly lower in the massive proteinuria and microproteinuria groups compared with the non‐DKD group for male patients. Also, microproteinuria and massive proteinuria prevalence were higher in the first (lowest) progesterone quartile than in the second to fourth quartiles. After adjusting for confounders, compared with the first (lowest) progesterone quartile group, the OR for the second to fourth quartiles in the male microproteinuria subgroup, were: Q2: 0.846 (95% CI: 0.581–1.233, P = 0.385); Q3: 0.667 (95% CI: 0.45–0988, P = 0.044); Q4: 0.597 (95% CI: 0.393–0.907, P = 0.016). In the male massive proteinuria subgroup, the OR for the third quartile group was 0.418 (95% CI: 0.201–0.867, P = 0.019). In contrast, no significant association was detected between progesterone and DKD prevalence in the female group. CONCLUSIONS: Progesterone levels were negatively associated with DKD incidence in hospitalized male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.