Changes in the Saliva Proteome of Pigs with Diarrhoea Caused by Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli represents the main cause of diarrhoea in pigs. Saliva can provide information about the pathophysiology of diseases and be a source of biomarkers. We aimed to identify changes in the salivary proteome of pigs with diarrhoea caused by E. coli. Saliva samples were collected from 10 pigs with this disease and 10 matched healthy controls. SDS-PAGE (1DE) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) were performed, and significantly different protein bands and spots were identified by mass spectrometry. For validation, adenosine deaminase (ADA) was measured in 28 healthy and 28 diseased pigs. In 1DE, increases in lipocalin and IgA bands were observed for diseased pigs, whereas bands containing proteins such as odorant-binding protein and/or prolactin-inducible protein presented decreased concentrations. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) results showed that saliva from E. coli animals presented higher expression levels of lipocalin, ADA, IgA and albumin peptides, being ADA activity increased in the diseased pigs in the validation study. Spots containing alpha-amylase, carbonic anhydrase VI, and whole albumin were decreased in diseased animals. Overall, pigs with diarrhoea caused by E. coli have changes in proteins in their saliva related to various pathophysiological mechanisms such as inflammation and immune function and could potentially be biomarkers of this disease.