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Current understanding of IgA antibodies in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant isotype of antibodies, provides a first line of defense at mucosal surfaces against pathogens, and thereby contributes to mucosal homeostasis. IgA is generally considered as a non-inflammatory antibody because of its main function, neutralizing pathogenic...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10126238/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37114051 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1165394 |
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author | Nihei, Yoshihito Suzuki, Hitoshi Suzuki, Yusuke |
author_facet | Nihei, Yoshihito Suzuki, Hitoshi Suzuki, Yusuke |
author_sort | Nihei, Yoshihito |
collection | PubMed |
description | Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant isotype of antibodies, provides a first line of defense at mucosal surfaces against pathogens, and thereby contributes to mucosal homeostasis. IgA is generally considered as a non-inflammatory antibody because of its main function, neutralizing pathogenic virus or bacteria. Meanwhile, IgA can induce IgA-mediated diseases, such as IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and IgA vasculitis. IgAN is characterized by the deposition of IgA and complement C3, often with IgG and/or IgM, in the glomerular mesangial region, followed by mesangial cell proliferation and excessive synthesis of extracellular matrix in glomeruli. Almost half a century has passed since the first report of patients with IgAN; it remains debatable about the mechanism how IgA antibodies selectively bind to mesangial region—a hallmark of IgAN—and cause glomerular injuries in IgAN. Previous lectin- and mass-spectrometry-based analysis have revealed that IgAN patients showed elevated serum level of undergalactosylated IgA1 in O-linked glycans of its hinge region, called galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1). Thereafter, numerous studies have confirmed that the glomerular IgA from IgAN patients are enriched with Gd-IgA1; thus, the first hit of the current pathogenesis of IgAN has been considered to increase circulating levels of Gd-IgA1. Recent studies, however, demonstrated that this aberrant glycosylation alone is not sufficient to disease onset and progression, suggesting that several additional factors are required for the selective deposition of IgA in the mesangial region and induce nephritis. Herein, we discuss the current understanding of the characteristics of pathogenic IgA and its mechanism of inducing inflammation in IgAN. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10126238 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-101262382023-04-26 Current understanding of IgA antibodies in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy Nihei, Yoshihito Suzuki, Hitoshi Suzuki, Yusuke Front Immunol Immunology Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant isotype of antibodies, provides a first line of defense at mucosal surfaces against pathogens, and thereby contributes to mucosal homeostasis. IgA is generally considered as a non-inflammatory antibody because of its main function, neutralizing pathogenic virus or bacteria. Meanwhile, IgA can induce IgA-mediated diseases, such as IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and IgA vasculitis. IgAN is characterized by the deposition of IgA and complement C3, often with IgG and/or IgM, in the glomerular mesangial region, followed by mesangial cell proliferation and excessive synthesis of extracellular matrix in glomeruli. Almost half a century has passed since the first report of patients with IgAN; it remains debatable about the mechanism how IgA antibodies selectively bind to mesangial region—a hallmark of IgAN—and cause glomerular injuries in IgAN. Previous lectin- and mass-spectrometry-based analysis have revealed that IgAN patients showed elevated serum level of undergalactosylated IgA1 in O-linked glycans of its hinge region, called galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1). Thereafter, numerous studies have confirmed that the glomerular IgA from IgAN patients are enriched with Gd-IgA1; thus, the first hit of the current pathogenesis of IgAN has been considered to increase circulating levels of Gd-IgA1. Recent studies, however, demonstrated that this aberrant glycosylation alone is not sufficient to disease onset and progression, suggesting that several additional factors are required for the selective deposition of IgA in the mesangial region and induce nephritis. Herein, we discuss the current understanding of the characteristics of pathogenic IgA and its mechanism of inducing inflammation in IgAN. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-04-11 /pmc/articles/PMC10126238/ /pubmed/37114051 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1165394 Text en Copyright © 2023 Nihei, Suzuki and Suzuki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Nihei, Yoshihito Suzuki, Hitoshi Suzuki, Yusuke Current understanding of IgA antibodies in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy |
title | Current understanding of IgA antibodies in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy |
title_full | Current understanding of IgA antibodies in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy |
title_fullStr | Current understanding of IgA antibodies in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy |
title_full_unstemmed | Current understanding of IgA antibodies in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy |
title_short | Current understanding of IgA antibodies in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy |
title_sort | current understanding of iga antibodies in the pathogenesis of iga nephropathy |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10126238/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37114051 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1165394 |
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