Mechanisms Underpinning Morphogenesis of a Symbiotic Organ Specialized for Hosting an Indispensable Microbial Symbiont in Stinkbugs

Microbial mutualists are pivotal for insect adaptation, which often entails the evolution of elaborate organs for symbiosis. Addressing what mechanisms underpin the development of such organs is of evolutionary interest. Here, we investigated the stinkbug Plautia stali, whose posterior midgut is transformed into a specialized symbiotic organ. Despite being a simple tube in newborns, it developed numerous crypts in four rows, whose inner cavity hosts a specific bacterial symbiont, during the 1st to 2nd nymphal instar stages. Visualization of dividing cells revealed that active cell proliferation was coincident with the crypt formation, although spatial patterns of the proliferating cells did not reflect the crypt arrangement. Visualization of visceral muscles in the midgut, consisting of circular muscles and longitudinal muscles, uncovered that, strikingly, circular muscles exhibited a characteristic arrangement running between the crypts specifically in the symbiotic organ. Even in the early 1st instar stage, when no crypts were seen, two rows of epithelial areas delineated by bifurcated circular muscles were identified. In the 2nd instar stage, crossing muscle fibers appeared and connected the adjacent circular muscles, whereby the midgut epithelium was divided into four rows of crypt-to-be areas. The crypt formation proceeded even in aposymbiotic nymphs, revealing the autonomous nature of the crypt development. We propose a mechanistic model of crypt formation wherein the spatial arrangement of muscle fibers and the proliferation of epithelial cells underpin the formation of crypts as midgut evaginations.