Association of ADHD symptoms with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular comorbidities in adults receiving outpatient diabetes care

BACKGROUND: The relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and its cardiovascular outcomes have not been sufficiently studied. METHODS: 2,986 adults with T2D from the Joslin Diabetes Center at Upstate Medical University were assessed for ADHD-like symptoms, executive dysfunction, and emotional control using the Adult Self-Report Scale V1.1 (ASRS) expanded version. Surveys were sent electronically, and clinical data were obtained from the electronic medical record. Pearson chi-square test was used for categorical variables association. When ASRS scores were the dependent variable, negative binomial regression correcting for demographic variables that were associated with the ASRS scores was used. RESULTS: 155 (49.2%) of respondents met DSM-5 criteria for ADHD using the ASRS scores; Only ten (3.6%) of respondents had an ICD10 diagnosis of ADHD in their medical record; Forty-three (13.7%) had either a diagnosis of ADHD in the medical history or were taking medications used by people with ADHD. Higher levels of ADHD-like symptoms were found in patients with T2D compared with population norms. There was a modest association of the ASRS executive dysfunction subscale with overall cardiovascular comorbidities (p = 0.03). However, the p-value did not survive the multiple testing correction. Both ADHD-like symptoms and symptoms associated with emotional control, however, were not associated with specific cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, or with HbA1c, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, ALT, creatinine, or eGFR. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that adults with T2D attending a tertiary care diabetes clinic are at risk for having ADHD-like symptoms, highlighting the importance of screening for ADHD symptoms in this specialty setting and referring undiagnosed adult patients for further assessment and treatment of ADHD. Larger studies are needed to clarify the relationship between ADHD-like symptoms, executive dysfunction, and emotional control with diabetic control and comorbidities.