Near-frictionless ion transport within triazine framework membranes

The enhancement of separation processes and electrochemical technologies such as water electrolysers(1,2), fuel cells(3,4), redox flow batteries(5,6) and ion-capture electrodialysis(7) depends on the development of low-resistance and high-selectivity ion-transport membranes. The transport of ions through these membranes depends on the overall energy barriers imposed by the collective interplay of pore architecture and pore–analyte interaction(8,9). However, it remains challenging to design efficient, scaleable and low-cost selective ion-transport membranes that provide ion channels for low-energy-barrier transport. Here we pursue a strategy that allows the diffusion limit of ions in water to be approached for large-area, free-standing, synthetic membranes using covalently bonded polymer frameworks with rigidity-confined ion channels. The near-frictionless ion flow is synergistically fulfilled by robust micropore confinement and multi-interaction between ion and membrane, which afford, for instance, a Na(+) diffusion coefficient of 1.18 × 10(−9) m(2) s(–1), close to the value in pure water at infinite dilution, and an area-specific membrane resistance as low as 0.17 Ω cm(2). We demonstrate highly efficient membranes in rapidly charging aqueous organic redox flow batteries that deliver both high energy efficiency and high-capacity utilization at extremely high current densities (up to 500 mA cm(–2)), and also that avoid crossover-induced capacity decay. This membrane design concept may be broadly applicable to membranes for a wide range of electrochemical devices and for precise molecular separation.