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Anomaly Detection for Sensor Signals Utilizing Deep Learning Autoencoder-Based Neural Networks

Anomaly detection is a significant task in sensors’ signal processing since interpreting an abnormal signal can lead to making a high-risk decision in terms of sensors’ applications. Deep learning algorithms are effective tools for anomaly detection due to their capability to address imbalanced data...

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Autores principales: Esmaeili, Fatemeh, Cassie, Erica, Nguyen, Hong Phan T., Plank, Natalie O. V., Unsworth, Charles P., Wang, Alan
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10136265/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37106591
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10040405
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author Esmaeili, Fatemeh
Cassie, Erica
Nguyen, Hong Phan T.
Plank, Natalie O. V.
Unsworth, Charles P.
Wang, Alan
author_facet Esmaeili, Fatemeh
Cassie, Erica
Nguyen, Hong Phan T.
Plank, Natalie O. V.
Unsworth, Charles P.
Wang, Alan
author_sort Esmaeili, Fatemeh
collection PubMed
description Anomaly detection is a significant task in sensors’ signal processing since interpreting an abnormal signal can lead to making a high-risk decision in terms of sensors’ applications. Deep learning algorithms are effective tools for anomaly detection due to their capability to address imbalanced datasets. In this study, we took a semi-supervised learning approach, utilizing normal data for training the deep learning neural networks, in order to address the diverse and unknown features of anomalies. We developed autoencoder-based prediction models to automatically detect anomalous data recorded by three electrochemical aptasensors, with variations in the signals’ lengths for particular concentrations, analytes, and bioreceptors. Prediction models employed autoencoder networks and the kernel density estimation (KDE) method for finding the threshold to detect anomalies. Moreover, the autoencoder networks were vanilla, unidirectional long short-term memory (ULSTM), and bidirectional LSTM (BLSTM) autoencoders for the training stage of the prediction models. However, the decision-making was based on the result of these three networks and the integration of vanilla and LSTM networks’ results. The accuracy as a performance metric of anomaly prediction models showed that the performance of vanilla and integrated models were comparable, while the LSTM-based autoencoder models showed the least accuracy. Considering the integrated model of ULSTM and vanilla autoencoder, the accuracy for the dataset with the lengthier signals was approximately 80%, while it was 65% and 40% for the other datasets. The lowest accuracy belonged to the dataset with the least normal data in its dataset. These results demonstrate that the proposed vanilla and integrated models can automatically detect abnormal data when there is sufficient normal data for training the models.
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spelling pubmed-101362652023-04-28 Anomaly Detection for Sensor Signals Utilizing Deep Learning Autoencoder-Based Neural Networks Esmaeili, Fatemeh Cassie, Erica Nguyen, Hong Phan T. Plank, Natalie O. V. Unsworth, Charles P. Wang, Alan Bioengineering (Basel) Article Anomaly detection is a significant task in sensors’ signal processing since interpreting an abnormal signal can lead to making a high-risk decision in terms of sensors’ applications. Deep learning algorithms are effective tools for anomaly detection due to their capability to address imbalanced datasets. In this study, we took a semi-supervised learning approach, utilizing normal data for training the deep learning neural networks, in order to address the diverse and unknown features of anomalies. We developed autoencoder-based prediction models to automatically detect anomalous data recorded by three electrochemical aptasensors, with variations in the signals’ lengths for particular concentrations, analytes, and bioreceptors. Prediction models employed autoencoder networks and the kernel density estimation (KDE) method for finding the threshold to detect anomalies. Moreover, the autoencoder networks were vanilla, unidirectional long short-term memory (ULSTM), and bidirectional LSTM (BLSTM) autoencoders for the training stage of the prediction models. However, the decision-making was based on the result of these three networks and the integration of vanilla and LSTM networks’ results. The accuracy as a performance metric of anomaly prediction models showed that the performance of vanilla and integrated models were comparable, while the LSTM-based autoencoder models showed the least accuracy. Considering the integrated model of ULSTM and vanilla autoencoder, the accuracy for the dataset with the lengthier signals was approximately 80%, while it was 65% and 40% for the other datasets. The lowest accuracy belonged to the dataset with the least normal data in its dataset. These results demonstrate that the proposed vanilla and integrated models can automatically detect abnormal data when there is sufficient normal data for training the models. MDPI 2023-03-24 /pmc/articles/PMC10136265/ /pubmed/37106591 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10040405 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Esmaeili, Fatemeh
Cassie, Erica
Nguyen, Hong Phan T.
Plank, Natalie O. V.
Unsworth, Charles P.
Wang, Alan
Anomaly Detection for Sensor Signals Utilizing Deep Learning Autoencoder-Based Neural Networks
title Anomaly Detection for Sensor Signals Utilizing Deep Learning Autoencoder-Based Neural Networks
title_full Anomaly Detection for Sensor Signals Utilizing Deep Learning Autoencoder-Based Neural Networks
title_fullStr Anomaly Detection for Sensor Signals Utilizing Deep Learning Autoencoder-Based Neural Networks
title_full_unstemmed Anomaly Detection for Sensor Signals Utilizing Deep Learning Autoencoder-Based Neural Networks
title_short Anomaly Detection for Sensor Signals Utilizing Deep Learning Autoencoder-Based Neural Networks
title_sort anomaly detection for sensor signals utilizing deep learning autoencoder-based neural networks
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10136265/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37106591
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10040405
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