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Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review
In 1965, Prof. Salomón Hakim described, for the first time, a condition characterized by normal pressure hydrocephalus and gait alterations. During the following decades, definitions such as “Frontal Gait”, “Bruns’ Ataxia” and “Gait Apraxia” have been frequently used in pertinent literature in the a...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10136268/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37189704 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041086 |
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author | Milletti, David Randi, Filippo Tamburini Lanzino, Giuseppe Hakim, Fernando Palandri, Giorgio |
author_facet | Milletti, David Randi, Filippo Tamburini Lanzino, Giuseppe Hakim, Fernando Palandri, Giorgio |
author_sort | Milletti, David |
collection | PubMed |
description | In 1965, Prof. Salomón Hakim described, for the first time, a condition characterized by normal pressure hydrocephalus and gait alterations. During the following decades, definitions such as “Frontal Gait”, “Bruns’ Ataxia” and “Gait Apraxia” have been frequently used in pertinent literature in the attempt to best define this peculiar motor disturbance. More recently, gait analysis has further shed light on the typical spatiotemporal gait alterations that characterize this neurological condition, but a clear and shared definition of this motor condition is still lacking. In this historical review, we described the origins of the terms “Gait Apraxia”, “Frontal Gait” and “Bruns’ Ataxia”, starting with the first works of Carl Maria Finkelburg, Fritsch and Hitzig and Steinthal during the second half of the 19th century and ending with Hakim’s studies and his formal definition of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). In the second part of the review, we analyze how and why these definitions of gait have been associated with Hakim’s disease in the literature from 1965 to the present day. The definition of “Gait and Postural Transition Apraxia” is then proposed, but fundamental questions about the nature and mechanisms underlying this condition remain unanswered. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10136268 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-101362682023-04-28 Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review Milletti, David Randi, Filippo Tamburini Lanzino, Giuseppe Hakim, Fernando Palandri, Giorgio Biomedicines Review In 1965, Prof. Salomón Hakim described, for the first time, a condition characterized by normal pressure hydrocephalus and gait alterations. During the following decades, definitions such as “Frontal Gait”, “Bruns’ Ataxia” and “Gait Apraxia” have been frequently used in pertinent literature in the attempt to best define this peculiar motor disturbance. More recently, gait analysis has further shed light on the typical spatiotemporal gait alterations that characterize this neurological condition, but a clear and shared definition of this motor condition is still lacking. In this historical review, we described the origins of the terms “Gait Apraxia”, “Frontal Gait” and “Bruns’ Ataxia”, starting with the first works of Carl Maria Finkelburg, Fritsch and Hitzig and Steinthal during the second half of the 19th century and ending with Hakim’s studies and his formal definition of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). In the second part of the review, we analyze how and why these definitions of gait have been associated with Hakim’s disease in the literature from 1965 to the present day. The definition of “Gait and Postural Transition Apraxia” is then proposed, but fundamental questions about the nature and mechanisms underlying this condition remain unanswered. MDPI 2023-04-03 /pmc/articles/PMC10136268/ /pubmed/37189704 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041086 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Milletti, David Randi, Filippo Tamburini Lanzino, Giuseppe Hakim, Fernando Palandri, Giorgio Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review |
title | Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review |
title_full | Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review |
title_fullStr | Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review |
title_full_unstemmed | Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review |
title_short | Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review |
title_sort | gait apraxia and hakim’s disease: a historical review |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10136268/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37189704 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041086 |
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