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Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review

In 1965, Prof. Salomón Hakim described, for the first time, a condition characterized by normal pressure hydrocephalus and gait alterations. During the following decades, definitions such as “Frontal Gait”, “Bruns’ Ataxia” and “Gait Apraxia” have been frequently used in pertinent literature in the a...

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Autores principales: Milletti, David, Randi, Filippo Tamburini, Lanzino, Giuseppe, Hakim, Fernando, Palandri, Giorgio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10136268/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37189704
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041086
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author Milletti, David
Randi, Filippo Tamburini
Lanzino, Giuseppe
Hakim, Fernando
Palandri, Giorgio
author_facet Milletti, David
Randi, Filippo Tamburini
Lanzino, Giuseppe
Hakim, Fernando
Palandri, Giorgio
author_sort Milletti, David
collection PubMed
description In 1965, Prof. Salomón Hakim described, for the first time, a condition characterized by normal pressure hydrocephalus and gait alterations. During the following decades, definitions such as “Frontal Gait”, “Bruns’ Ataxia” and “Gait Apraxia” have been frequently used in pertinent literature in the attempt to best define this peculiar motor disturbance. More recently, gait analysis has further shed light on the typical spatiotemporal gait alterations that characterize this neurological condition, but a clear and shared definition of this motor condition is still lacking. In this historical review, we described the origins of the terms “Gait Apraxia”, “Frontal Gait” and “Bruns’ Ataxia”, starting with the first works of Carl Maria Finkelburg, Fritsch and Hitzig and Steinthal during the second half of the 19th century and ending with Hakim’s studies and his formal definition of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). In the second part of the review, we analyze how and why these definitions of gait have been associated with Hakim’s disease in the literature from 1965 to the present day. The definition of “Gait and Postural Transition Apraxia” is then proposed, but fundamental questions about the nature and mechanisms underlying this condition remain unanswered.
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spelling pubmed-101362682023-04-28 Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review Milletti, David Randi, Filippo Tamburini Lanzino, Giuseppe Hakim, Fernando Palandri, Giorgio Biomedicines Review In 1965, Prof. Salomón Hakim described, for the first time, a condition characterized by normal pressure hydrocephalus and gait alterations. During the following decades, definitions such as “Frontal Gait”, “Bruns’ Ataxia” and “Gait Apraxia” have been frequently used in pertinent literature in the attempt to best define this peculiar motor disturbance. More recently, gait analysis has further shed light on the typical spatiotemporal gait alterations that characterize this neurological condition, but a clear and shared definition of this motor condition is still lacking. In this historical review, we described the origins of the terms “Gait Apraxia”, “Frontal Gait” and “Bruns’ Ataxia”, starting with the first works of Carl Maria Finkelburg, Fritsch and Hitzig and Steinthal during the second half of the 19th century and ending with Hakim’s studies and his formal definition of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). In the second part of the review, we analyze how and why these definitions of gait have been associated with Hakim’s disease in the literature from 1965 to the present day. The definition of “Gait and Postural Transition Apraxia” is then proposed, but fundamental questions about the nature and mechanisms underlying this condition remain unanswered. MDPI 2023-04-03 /pmc/articles/PMC10136268/ /pubmed/37189704 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041086 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Milletti, David
Randi, Filippo Tamburini
Lanzino, Giuseppe
Hakim, Fernando
Palandri, Giorgio
Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review
title Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review
title_full Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review
title_fullStr Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review
title_full_unstemmed Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review
title_short Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review
title_sort gait apraxia and hakim’s disease: a historical review
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10136268/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37189704
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041086
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