Identification and Genome Characterization of Novel Feline Parvovirus Strains Isolated in Shanghai, China

Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is the causative agent of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in feline animals. FPV has been evolving over time, and there have been several different strains of the virus identified. Some of these strains may be more virulent or more resistant to current vaccines than others, which highlights the importance of ongoing research and monitoring of FPV evolution. For FPV genetic evolution analysis, many studies focus on the main capsid protein (VP2), but limited information is available on the nonstructural gene NS1 and structural gene VP1. In the present study, we firstly isolated two novel FPV strains circulating in Shanghai, China, and performed full-length genome sequencing for the desired strains. Subsequently, we focused on analyzing the NS1, VP1 gene, and the encoding protein, and conducted a comparative analysis among the worldwide circulating FPV and Canine parvovirus Type 2 (CPV-2) strains, which included the strains isolated in this study. We found that the 2 structural viral proteins, VP1 and VP2, are splice variants, and VP1 has a 143 amino-acid-long N-terminal compared to VP2. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed that divergent evolution between FPV and CPV-2 virus strains were clustered mostly by country and year of detection. In addition, much more continuous antigenic type changes happened in the process of CPV-2 circulating and evolution compared to FPV. These results stress the importance of the continuous study of viral evolution and provide a comprehensive perspective of the association between viral epidemiology and genetic evolution.