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Self-Regulatory Neuronal Mechanisms and Long-Term Challenges in Schizophrenia Treatment

Schizophrenia is a chronic and relapsing disorder that is characterized not only by delusions and hallucinations but also mainly by the progressive development of cognitive and social deficits. These deficits are related to impaired synaptic plasticity and impaired neurotransmission in the nervous s...

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Autores principales: Markiewicz-Gospodarek, Agnieszka, Markiewicz, Renata, Borowski, Bartosz, Dobrowolska, Beata, Łoza, Bartosz
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10136915/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37190616
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13040651
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author Markiewicz-Gospodarek, Agnieszka
Markiewicz, Renata
Borowski, Bartosz
Dobrowolska, Beata
Łoza, Bartosz
author_facet Markiewicz-Gospodarek, Agnieszka
Markiewicz, Renata
Borowski, Bartosz
Dobrowolska, Beata
Łoza, Bartosz
author_sort Markiewicz-Gospodarek, Agnieszka
collection PubMed
description Schizophrenia is a chronic and relapsing disorder that is characterized not only by delusions and hallucinations but also mainly by the progressive development of cognitive and social deficits. These deficits are related to impaired synaptic plasticity and impaired neurotransmission in the nervous system. Currently, technological innovations and medical advances make it possible to use various self-regulatory methods to improve impaired synaptic plasticity. To evaluate the therapeutic effect of various rehabilitation methods, we reviewed methods that modify synaptic plasticity and improve the cognitive and executive processes of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar bibliographic databases were searched with the keywords mentioned below. A total of 555 records were identified. Modern methods of schizophrenia therapy with neuroplastic potential, including neurofeedback, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, virtual reality therapy, and cognitive remediation therapy, were reviewed and analyzed. Since randomized controlled studies of long-term schizophrenia treatment do not exceed 2–3 years, and the pharmacological treatment itself has an incompletely estimated benefit-risk ratio, treatment methods based on other paradigms, including neuronal self-regulatory and neural plasticity mechanisms, should be considered. Methods available for monitoring neuroplastic effects in vivo (e.g., fMRI, neuropeptides in serum), as well as unfavorable parameters (e.g., features of the metabolic syndrome), enable individualized monitoring of the effectiveness of long-term treatment of schizophrenia.
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spelling pubmed-101369152023-04-28 Self-Regulatory Neuronal Mechanisms and Long-Term Challenges in Schizophrenia Treatment Markiewicz-Gospodarek, Agnieszka Markiewicz, Renata Borowski, Bartosz Dobrowolska, Beata Łoza, Bartosz Brain Sci Review Schizophrenia is a chronic and relapsing disorder that is characterized not only by delusions and hallucinations but also mainly by the progressive development of cognitive and social deficits. These deficits are related to impaired synaptic plasticity and impaired neurotransmission in the nervous system. Currently, technological innovations and medical advances make it possible to use various self-regulatory methods to improve impaired synaptic plasticity. To evaluate the therapeutic effect of various rehabilitation methods, we reviewed methods that modify synaptic plasticity and improve the cognitive and executive processes of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar bibliographic databases were searched with the keywords mentioned below. A total of 555 records were identified. Modern methods of schizophrenia therapy with neuroplastic potential, including neurofeedback, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, virtual reality therapy, and cognitive remediation therapy, were reviewed and analyzed. Since randomized controlled studies of long-term schizophrenia treatment do not exceed 2–3 years, and the pharmacological treatment itself has an incompletely estimated benefit-risk ratio, treatment methods based on other paradigms, including neuronal self-regulatory and neural plasticity mechanisms, should be considered. Methods available for monitoring neuroplastic effects in vivo (e.g., fMRI, neuropeptides in serum), as well as unfavorable parameters (e.g., features of the metabolic syndrome), enable individualized monitoring of the effectiveness of long-term treatment of schizophrenia. MDPI 2023-04-12 /pmc/articles/PMC10136915/ /pubmed/37190616 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13040651 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Markiewicz-Gospodarek, Agnieszka
Markiewicz, Renata
Borowski, Bartosz
Dobrowolska, Beata
Łoza, Bartosz
Self-Regulatory Neuronal Mechanisms and Long-Term Challenges in Schizophrenia Treatment
title Self-Regulatory Neuronal Mechanisms and Long-Term Challenges in Schizophrenia Treatment
title_full Self-Regulatory Neuronal Mechanisms and Long-Term Challenges in Schizophrenia Treatment
title_fullStr Self-Regulatory Neuronal Mechanisms and Long-Term Challenges in Schizophrenia Treatment
title_full_unstemmed Self-Regulatory Neuronal Mechanisms and Long-Term Challenges in Schizophrenia Treatment
title_short Self-Regulatory Neuronal Mechanisms and Long-Term Challenges in Schizophrenia Treatment
title_sort self-regulatory neuronal mechanisms and long-term challenges in schizophrenia treatment
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10136915/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37190616
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13040651
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