KNOX Genes Were Involved in Regulating Axillary Bud Formation of Chrysanthemum × morifolium

Branching is an important agronomic and economic trait in cut chrysanthemums. The axillary meristem (AM) formation of the axillary buds of cut chrysanthemums has a decisive role in its branching characteristics. However, little is known about the regulation mechanism of axillary meristem formation in chrysanthemums at the molecular level. Members of the Homeobox gene family especially genes belonging to the class I KNOX branch play a key role in regulating the axillary bud growth and development processes of plants. In this study, three genes belonging to the class I KNOX branch, CmKNAT1, CmKNAT6, and CmSTM were cloned from chrysanthemums, and their functions in regulating axillary bud formation were examined. The subcellular localization test showed that these three KNOX genes were expressed in the nucleus, so all of them might function as transcription factors. The results of the expression profile analysis showed that these three KNOX genes were highly expressed in the AM formation stage of axillary buds. Overexpression of KNOX genes result in a wrinkled leaf phenotype in tobacco and Arabidopsis, which may be related to the excessive division of leaf cells, resulting in the proliferation of leaf tissue. Furthermore, overexpression of these three KNOX genes enhances the regeneration ability of tobacco leaves, indicating that these three KNOX genes may participate in the regulation of cell meristematic ability, thus promoting the formation of buds. In addition, the results of fluorescence quantitative testing showed that these three KNOX genes may promote the formation of chrysanthemum axillary buds by promoting the cytokinin pathway while inhibiting the auxin and gibberellin pathways. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that CmKNAT1, CmKNAT6, and CmSTM genes were involved in regulating axillary bud formation of Chrysanthemum × morifolium and preliminarily revealed the molecular mechanism of their regulation of AM formation. These findings may provide a theoretical basis and candidate gene resources for genetic engineering breeding of new varieties of cut chrysanthemums without lateral branches.