The cost-effectiveness of whole genome sequencing in neurodevelopmental disorders

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has the potential to be a comprehensive genetic test, especially relevant for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, syndromes and congenital malformations. However, the cost consequences of using whole genome sequencing as a first-line genetic test for these individuals are not well understood. The study objective was to compare the healthcare costs and diagnostic yield when WGS is performed as the first-line test instead of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA). Two cohorts were analyzed retrospectively using register data, cohort CMA (418 patients referred for CMA at the department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, during 2015) and cohort WGS (89 patients included in a WGS-first prospective study in 2017). The analysis compared healthcare consumption over a 2-year period after referral for genetic testing, the diagnostic yield over a 2- and 3-year period after referral was also compiled. The mean healthcare cost per patient in cohort WGS was $2,339 lower compared to cohort CMA ($ − 2339, 95% CI − 12,238–7561; P = 0.64) including higher costs for genetic investigations ($1065, 95% CI 834–1295; P < 0.001) and lower costs for outpatient care ($ − 2330, 95% CI − 3992 to (− 669); P = 0.006). The diagnostic yield was 23% higher for cohort WGS (cohort CMA 20.1%, cohort WGS 24.7%) (0.046, 95% CI − 0.053–0.145; P = 0.36). WGS as a first-line diagnostic test for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders is associated with statistically non-significant lower costs and higher diagnostic yield compared with CMA. This indicates that prioritizing WGS over CMA in health care decision making will yield positive expected outcomes as well as showing a need for further research.