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Laboratory earthquakes decipher control and stability of rupture speeds

Earthquakes are destructive natural hazards with damage capacity dictated by rupture speeds. Traditional dynamic rupture models predict that earthquake ruptures gradually accelerate to the Rayleigh wave speed with some of them further jumping to stable supershear speeds above the Eshelby speed (~[Fo...

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Autores principales: Dong, Peng, Xia, Kaiwen, Xu, Ying, Elsworth, Derek, Ampuero, Jean-Paul
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10140064/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37105963
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38137-w
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author Dong, Peng
Xia, Kaiwen
Xu, Ying
Elsworth, Derek
Ampuero, Jean-Paul
author_facet Dong, Peng
Xia, Kaiwen
Xu, Ying
Elsworth, Derek
Ampuero, Jean-Paul
author_sort Dong, Peng
collection PubMed
description Earthquakes are destructive natural hazards with damage capacity dictated by rupture speeds. Traditional dynamic rupture models predict that earthquake ruptures gradually accelerate to the Rayleigh wave speed with some of them further jumping to stable supershear speeds above the Eshelby speed (~[Formula: see text] times S wave speed). However, the 2018 M(w) 7.5 Palu earthquake, among several others, significantly challenges such a viewpoint. Here we generate spontaneous shear ruptures on laboratory faults to confirm that ruptures can indeed attain steady subRayleigh or supershear propagation speeds immediately following nucleation. A self-similar analysis of dynamic rupture confirms our observation, leading to a simple model where the rupture speed is uniquely dependent on a driving load. Our results reproduce and explain a number of enigmatic field observations on earthquake speeds, including the existence of stable subEshelby supershear ruptures, early onset of supershear ruptures, and the correlation between the rupture speed and the driving load.
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spelling pubmed-101400642023-04-29 Laboratory earthquakes decipher control and stability of rupture speeds Dong, Peng Xia, Kaiwen Xu, Ying Elsworth, Derek Ampuero, Jean-Paul Nat Commun Article Earthquakes are destructive natural hazards with damage capacity dictated by rupture speeds. Traditional dynamic rupture models predict that earthquake ruptures gradually accelerate to the Rayleigh wave speed with some of them further jumping to stable supershear speeds above the Eshelby speed (~[Formula: see text] times S wave speed). However, the 2018 M(w) 7.5 Palu earthquake, among several others, significantly challenges such a viewpoint. Here we generate spontaneous shear ruptures on laboratory faults to confirm that ruptures can indeed attain steady subRayleigh or supershear propagation speeds immediately following nucleation. A self-similar analysis of dynamic rupture confirms our observation, leading to a simple model where the rupture speed is uniquely dependent on a driving load. Our results reproduce and explain a number of enigmatic field observations on earthquake speeds, including the existence of stable subEshelby supershear ruptures, early onset of supershear ruptures, and the correlation between the rupture speed and the driving load. Nature Publishing Group UK 2023-04-27 /pmc/articles/PMC10140064/ /pubmed/37105963 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38137-w Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Article
Dong, Peng
Xia, Kaiwen
Xu, Ying
Elsworth, Derek
Ampuero, Jean-Paul
Laboratory earthquakes decipher control and stability of rupture speeds
title Laboratory earthquakes decipher control and stability of rupture speeds
title_full Laboratory earthquakes decipher control and stability of rupture speeds
title_fullStr Laboratory earthquakes decipher control and stability of rupture speeds
title_full_unstemmed Laboratory earthquakes decipher control and stability of rupture speeds
title_short Laboratory earthquakes decipher control and stability of rupture speeds
title_sort laboratory earthquakes decipher control and stability of rupture speeds
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10140064/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37105963
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38137-w
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