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Fused Filament Fabrication and Computer Numerical Control Milling in Cultural Heritage Conservation

This paper reports a comparison between the advantages and disadvantages of fused filament fabrication (FFF) and computer numerical control (CNC) milling, when applied to a specific case of conservation of cultural heritage: the reproduction of four missing columns of a 17th-century tabernacle. To m...

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Autores principales: Fico, Daniela, Rizzo, Daniela, Montagna, Francesco, Esposito Corcione, Carola
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10141658/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37109876
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16083038
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author Fico, Daniela
Rizzo, Daniela
Montagna, Francesco
Esposito Corcione, Carola
author_facet Fico, Daniela
Rizzo, Daniela
Montagna, Francesco
Esposito Corcione, Carola
author_sort Fico, Daniela
collection PubMed
description This paper reports a comparison between the advantages and disadvantages of fused filament fabrication (FFF) and computer numerical control (CNC) milling, when applied to a specific case of conservation of cultural heritage: the reproduction of four missing columns of a 17th-century tabernacle. To make the replica prototypes, European pine wood (the original material) was used for CNC milling, while polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) was used for FFF printing. Neat materials were chemically and structurally characterized (FTIR, XRD, DSC, contact angle measurement, colorimetry, and bending tests) before and after artificial aging, in order to study their durability. The comparison showed that although both materials are subject to a decrease in crystallinity (an increase in amorphous bands in XRD diffractograms) and mechanical performance with aging, these characteristics are less evident in PETG (E = 1.13 ± 0.01 GPa and σ = 60.20 ± 2.11 MPa after aging), which retains water repellent (ca = 95.96 ± 5.56°) and colorimetric (∆E = 2.6) properties. Furthermore, the increase in flexural strain (%) in pine wood, from 3.71 ± 0.03% to 4.11 ± 0.02%, makes it not suitable for purpose. Both techniques were then used to produce the same column, showing that for this specific application CNC milling is quicker than FFF, but, at the same time, it is also much more expensive and produces a huge amount of waste material compared to FFF printing. Based on these results, it was assessed that FFF is more suitable for the replication of the specific column. For this reason, only the 3D-printed PETG column was used for the subsequent conservative restoration.
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spelling pubmed-101416582023-04-29 Fused Filament Fabrication and Computer Numerical Control Milling in Cultural Heritage Conservation Fico, Daniela Rizzo, Daniela Montagna, Francesco Esposito Corcione, Carola Materials (Basel) Article This paper reports a comparison between the advantages and disadvantages of fused filament fabrication (FFF) and computer numerical control (CNC) milling, when applied to a specific case of conservation of cultural heritage: the reproduction of four missing columns of a 17th-century tabernacle. To make the replica prototypes, European pine wood (the original material) was used for CNC milling, while polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) was used for FFF printing. Neat materials were chemically and structurally characterized (FTIR, XRD, DSC, contact angle measurement, colorimetry, and bending tests) before and after artificial aging, in order to study their durability. The comparison showed that although both materials are subject to a decrease in crystallinity (an increase in amorphous bands in XRD diffractograms) and mechanical performance with aging, these characteristics are less evident in PETG (E = 1.13 ± 0.01 GPa and σ = 60.20 ± 2.11 MPa after aging), which retains water repellent (ca = 95.96 ± 5.56°) and colorimetric (∆E = 2.6) properties. Furthermore, the increase in flexural strain (%) in pine wood, from 3.71 ± 0.03% to 4.11 ± 0.02%, makes it not suitable for purpose. Both techniques were then used to produce the same column, showing that for this specific application CNC milling is quicker than FFF, but, at the same time, it is also much more expensive and produces a huge amount of waste material compared to FFF printing. Based on these results, it was assessed that FFF is more suitable for the replication of the specific column. For this reason, only the 3D-printed PETG column was used for the subsequent conservative restoration. MDPI 2023-04-12 /pmc/articles/PMC10141658/ /pubmed/37109876 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16083038 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Fico, Daniela
Rizzo, Daniela
Montagna, Francesco
Esposito Corcione, Carola
Fused Filament Fabrication and Computer Numerical Control Milling in Cultural Heritage Conservation
title Fused Filament Fabrication and Computer Numerical Control Milling in Cultural Heritage Conservation
title_full Fused Filament Fabrication and Computer Numerical Control Milling in Cultural Heritage Conservation
title_fullStr Fused Filament Fabrication and Computer Numerical Control Milling in Cultural Heritage Conservation
title_full_unstemmed Fused Filament Fabrication and Computer Numerical Control Milling in Cultural Heritage Conservation
title_short Fused Filament Fabrication and Computer Numerical Control Milling in Cultural Heritage Conservation
title_sort fused filament fabrication and computer numerical control milling in cultural heritage conservation
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10141658/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37109876
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16083038
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